National Debt

Total national debt consists of publicly held debt and intergovernmental debt. Intergovernmental debt is the amount that the government owes to specific programs or agencies, such as the Social Security Trust Fund. Publicly held debt is the amount borrowed from credit markets. America’s national debt is out-of-control and is projected to grow even faster in the future, threatening Americans with a massive tax burden today and in the future. Congress amassed huge amounts of debt over past decades by allowing the federal government to become bloated, overextended, and unrestrained. Spending on Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security is the main driver of America’s long-term spending and debt crises.

HIGHLIGHTS

  • Saving the American Dream Saving the American Dream

    The Heritage Foundation offers a detailed plan to redesign entitlement programs, guarantee assistance to those who need it, and save the American dream for future generations. Read More.

  • Federal Budget Chart Book Federal Budget Chart Book

    See the web’s best visual presentation of federal spending, taxes, debt, and entitlements. Read More.

  • Debt Policy in 2012 Elections Debt Policy in 2012 Elections

    Issues 2012 provides candidates for elected office the ability to quickly identify the key issues of the day and present clear policy recommendations, supported by facts, for addressing them. Read More.

Our Research & Offerings on National Debt
  • Issue Brief posted March 21, 2012 by Alison Acosta Fraser, Patrick Louis Knudsen The Ryan Budget: Confronting the Nation’s Spending Crisis

    In the few months since Washington’s dramatic debt ceiling confrontation, America’s fiscal situation has only worsened. Federal spending is set to soar past previous record-shattering levels, endangering the economic future of the nation. This is a moral issue because younger generations will be forced to bear either staggering levels of…

  • Play Movie Curtis Dubay on Tax Hikes on FBN Video Recorded on March 5, 2012 Curtis Dubay on Tax Hikes on FBN

    Curtis Dubay discusses the President's tax hikes on FBN's The Willis Report. …

  • Backgrounder on February 28, 2012 President Obama’s 2013 Budget Delivers Tax Hikes, More Spending, More Debt

    Abstract: The President’s 2013 budget, released on February 13, repeats the stale and unsuccessful policies of the past three years. The Administration’s apparent vision is one of bigger government, more spending, higher taxes, and deeper deficits. At a time when runaway spending and swelling…

  • WebMemo posted February 9, 2012 by Patrick Louis Knudsen President Obama’s Budget: What to Watch For

    The President’s post-debt-ceiling, election-year budget will provide a good test of whether he is serious about facing up to the country’s looming fiscal crisis and driving spending down. At this critical moment for the nation’s fiscal and economic health, he should seize the opportunity to change the course of fiscal…

  • Play Movie 1,000 Days Without A Budget Video Recorded on January 24, 2012 1,000 Days Without A Budget

    Today marks the 1,000th day since the United States Senate has passed a budget. While the House has put forth (and passed) its own budget, the Senate has failed to do the same. To help illustrate how extraordinary this failure has been, our new video highlights a few of impressive…

  • WebMemo posted January 24, 2012 by Patrick Louis Knudsen Spending Goals for Congress and the President

    After a year of unproductive brinksmanship, Congress and the President enter 2012 facing the same intractable budget problems as before: a fourth consecutive deficit expected to be $1 trillion or higher, spending that consumes nearly one-fourth of the economy’s total output, and an entitlement-driven fiscal disaster that has drawn…

  • WebMemo posted December 6, 2011 by Patrick Louis Knudsen Appropriations Endgame: One Last Shot at Fiscal Credibility

    With the collapse of the deficit reduction “super committee,” a year that began with promise is degenerating into another late-December budgetary scramble on Capitol Hill. Along with certain necessary decisions by Congress on tax policies, unemployment insurance, and the “doc fix,” nine of the 12 annual spending bills are still…

  • Backgrounder posted December 5, 2011 by Mackenzie Eaglen, Diem Nguyen Super Committee Failure and Sequestration Put at Risk Ever More Military Plans and Programs

    Abstract: The Budget Control Act, which ended the impasse over the debt ceiling and created a Super Committee to identify more deficit reduction proposals, cuts the defense budget by $1 trillion and paves the way for further reductions next year. These cuts come on top of successive rounds of deep…

  • Backgrounder posted November 30, 2011 by Kathryn Nix Government Price Controls for Health Care: A Deficit-Reduction Strategy to Avoid

    Abstract: The Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction—the “Super Committee”—created under the Budget Control Act of 2011 has failed to recommend a strategy for reducing the federal deficit by $1.2 trillion over the next decade, leaving automatic cuts of 2 percent on…

  • People Outsmart Government Audio Recorded on November 28, 2011 People Outsmart Government

    From The Heritage Foundation, I'm Ernest Istook. …

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  • Backgrounder on February 28, 2012 President Obama’s 2013 Budget Delivers Tax Hikes, More Spending, More Debt

    Abstract: The President’s 2013 budget, released on February 13, repeats the stale and unsuccessful policies of the past three years. The Administration’s apparent vision is one of bigger government, more spending, higher taxes, and deeper deficits. At a time when runaway spending and swelling…

  • Center for Data Analysis Report posted October 14, 2010 by William Beach, Patrick Tyrrell The 2010 Index of Dependence on Government

    Abstract: The number of Americans who pay taxes continues to shrink—and the United States is close to the point at which half of the population will not pay taxes for government benefits…

  • Backgrounder posted December 5, 2011 by Mackenzie Eaglen, Diem Nguyen Super Committee Failure and Sequestration Put at Risk Ever More Military Plans and Programs

    Abstract: The Budget Control Act, which ended the impasse over the debt ceiling and created a Super Committee to identify more deficit reduction proposals, cuts the defense budget by $1 trillion and paves the way for further reductions next year. These cuts come on top of successive rounds of deep…

  • WebMemo posted November 10, 2010 by Alison Acosta Fraser Bowles–Simpson Commission Co-Chair Report: A Good and Welcome First Step

    Erskine Bowles and Alan Simpson, co-chairs for the President’s bipartisan National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, released a co-chairs’ report today. Since it is a preliminary report from the chairs, it should be viewed as a model for discussion and seeding ideas for the final commission report. As such,…

  • Backgrounder posted October 28, 2010 by Brian Riedl How to Cut $343 Billion from the Federal Budget

    Abstract : Federal spending is on an unsustainable path that risks disaster for America. Runaway spending has increased annual…

  • Issue Brief posted March 21, 2012 by Alison Acosta Fraser, Patrick Louis Knudsen The Ryan Budget: Confronting the Nation’s Spending Crisis

    In the few months since Washington’s dramatic debt ceiling confrontation, America’s fiscal situation has only worsened. Federal spending is set to soar past previous record-shattering levels, endangering the economic future of the nation. This is a moral issue because younger generations will be forced to bear either staggering levels of…

  • WebMemo posted December 6, 2011 by Patrick Louis Knudsen Appropriations Endgame: One Last Shot at Fiscal Credibility

    With the collapse of the deficit reduction “super committee,” a year that began with promise is degenerating into another late-December budgetary scramble on Capitol Hill. Along with certain necessary decisions by Congress on tax policies, unemployment insurance, and the “doc fix,” nine of the 12 annual spending bills are still…

  • Backgrounder on January 27, 2011 Congress Has Time and Options on Debt Limit

    Abstract: The massive federal budget deficit is unsustainable today because of out-of-control spending. Consequently, the federal government is about to run up against its statutorily imposed debt limit. Fortunately, Congress has options, and it has time to consider them carefully. If Congress chooses not…

  • WebMemo posted January 26, 2011 by Brian Riedl New CBO Budget Baseline Reveals Permanent Trillion-Dollar Deficits

    The new Congressional Budget Office (CBO) 10-year budget baseline shows a virtually unprecedented sea of red ink. The report reveals an unprecedented $1.5 trillion deficit in fiscal year (FY) 2011—an increase of $95 billion over their last 2011 estimate.[1] This will be the third consecutive year of trillion-dollar…

  • WebMemo posted August 1, 2011 by Kim R. Holmes, Ph.D. A Dangerous Debt Ceiling Deal

    The deep cuts in defense spending envisioned in the just-announced debt ceiling deal[1] raise a fundamental question for Americans: Will we let a deal stand that promises to end American security as we know it? Or will Americans demand that the deal, born of crisis-driven politics in…

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  • Issue Brief posted March 21, 2012 by Alison Acosta Fraser, Patrick Louis Knudsen The Ryan Budget: Confronting the Nation’s Spending Crisis

    In the few months since Washington’s dramatic debt ceiling confrontation, America’s fiscal situation has only worsened. Federal spending is set to soar past previous record-shattering levels, endangering the economic future of the nation. This is a moral issue because younger generations will be forced to bear either staggering levels of…

  • Backgrounder on February 28, 2012 President Obama’s 2013 Budget Delivers Tax Hikes, More Spending, More Debt

    Abstract: The President’s 2013 budget, released on February 13, repeats the stale and unsuccessful policies of the past three years. The Administration’s apparent vision is one of bigger government, more spending, higher taxes, and deeper deficits. At a time when runaway spending and swelling…

  • WebMemo posted February 9, 2012 by Patrick Louis Knudsen President Obama’s Budget: What to Watch For

    The President’s post-debt-ceiling, election-year budget will provide a good test of whether he is serious about facing up to the country’s looming fiscal crisis and driving spending down. At this critical moment for the nation’s fiscal and economic health, he should seize the opportunity to change the course of fiscal…

  • WebMemo posted January 24, 2012 by Patrick Louis Knudsen Spending Goals for Congress and the President

    After a year of unproductive brinksmanship, Congress and the President enter 2012 facing the same intractable budget problems as before: a fourth consecutive deficit expected to be $1 trillion or higher, spending that consumes nearly one-fourth of the economy’s total output, and an entitlement-driven fiscal disaster that has drawn…

  • WebMemo posted December 6, 2011 by Patrick Louis Knudsen Appropriations Endgame: One Last Shot at Fiscal Credibility

    With the collapse of the deficit reduction “super committee,” a year that began with promise is degenerating into another late-December budgetary scramble on Capitol Hill. Along with certain necessary decisions by Congress on tax policies, unemployment insurance, and the “doc fix,” nine of the 12 annual spending bills are still…

  • Backgrounder posted December 5, 2011 by Mackenzie Eaglen, Diem Nguyen Super Committee Failure and Sequestration Put at Risk Ever More Military Plans and Programs

    Abstract: The Budget Control Act, which ended the impasse over the debt ceiling and created a Super Committee to identify more deficit reduction proposals, cuts the defense budget by $1 trillion and paves the way for further reductions next year. These cuts come on top of successive rounds of deep…

  • Backgrounder posted November 30, 2011 by Kathryn Nix Government Price Controls for Health Care: A Deficit-Reduction Strategy to Avoid

    Abstract: The Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction—the “Super Committee”—created under the Budget Control Act of 2011 has failed to recommend a strategy for reducing the federal deficit by $1.2 trillion over the next decade, leaving automatic cuts of 2 percent on…

  • WebMemo posted November 3, 2011 by Alison Acosta Fraser, Patrick Louis Knudsen, Mackenzie Eaglen Three Pillars of Reform for the Super Committee

    As the “super committee,” created by the contentious Budget Control Act (BCA), grapples with its mandate to find $1.5 trillion in deficit reduction savings, many are urging it to “go big.” And no wonder. Since July 31, the eve of the BCA’s enactment, the federal government has continued to hemorrhage…

  • WebMemo posted November 2, 2011 by Patrick Louis Knudsen Federal Budget Bills Close to Target but Should Cut Deeper

    While most attention is focused on the congressional “super committee,” House and Senate appropriators have been moving legislation aimed at meeting their own fiscal year (FY) 2012 spending limits under the debt reduction agreement enacted earlier this year. So far, the appropriators are close to that modest goal. But they…

  • WebMemo posted September 7, 2011 by Patrick Louis Knudsen The President’s New “Jobs Speech”: More Economic Alchemy Likely

    Judging by the accounts published to date, the “jobs” plan President Obama proposes Thursday night will likely include the typical set of infrastructure spending, school construction, aid for teachers, unemployment benefits, “targeted” tax breaks, and the like.[1] In other words, the President will call for more of the…

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Find more work on National Debt