Senator John McCain (R-AZ), the Republican presidential nominee, has proposed an ambitious health care reform agenda. His plan focuses on four key objectives: making health insurance innovative, portable, and affordable; ensuring care for high-risk patients; lowering health care costs; and confronting long-term care challenges.[1]  These goals are mean­ingful, and McCain's policy measures would advance greater personal choice and control in the health care system.

The McCain health plan tackles the fundamental problem in the current system: the tax treatment of health insurance. Equalizing the tax treatment and financing of health care is the first step in realigning the incentives in the system to provide consumers with better quality care at lower cost. His plan also works to expand coverage options for Americans by promoting competition in the insurance market and partnering with states to develop solutions for those who are hard to insure.

Finally, the McCain plan focuses on improving value and lowering costs through delivery reforms. However, these delivery reforms could prove counter­productive if they are implemented in ways that undermine personal choice or lead to more govern­ment control of personal health care decisions.

Key Reforms in the McCain Plan

The McCain health plan proposes three funda­mental reforms that would change the financing of health care and reform the health insurance market to give families more control of personal health care decisions:

1. Equal tax treatment for health coverage. The Senator would replace the special tax breaks for employer-based health insurance with a univer­sal system of health care tax credits for the pur­chase of health insurance. These health care tax credits of $5,000 for a family and $2,500 for an individual would be indexed annually for infla­tion and would be available to Americans regard­less of income, employment, or tax liability. Even prominent critics concede that such a tax change is a principled and far-reaching proposal.[2]  This change alone would lay the groundwork for unprecedented consumer choice and competi­tion in the health care sector.
   
   
2. Health insurance competition on a national scale. Currently, only federal workers and retir­ees in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP) benefit from competition among private health insurance companies on a national scale. In sharp contrast with almost every other sector of the economy, competition across state lines in health insurance is virtually nonexistent. The McCain health plan would change this by allowing individuals and families to buy health plans domiciled and regulated in other states. This would both expand personal options for affordable coverage and force health insurance companies to compete directly for consumers' dollars on an unprecedented scale.
   
   
3. Federal assistance to the states to cover vul­nerable populations. The Senator envisions a large role for state innovation and experimenta­tion in health care financing and delivery, but he would provide safety-net funding to ensure cov­erage of the most vulnerable populations: the hard-to-insure and the uninsurable. McCain's Guaranteed Access Plan would provide federal assistance to the states to secure access to health insurance coverage through state high-risk pools or similar arrangements. His plan would also encourage expanding coverage options for Med­icaid enrollees and veterans.

Beyond these major reforms of health care financing and insurance, Senator McCain would also promote specific initiatives to increase the value and reduce the cost of services that individuals and families receive for their health care dollars. These initiatives include promoting the use of health infor­mation technology (IT), care coordination and dis­ease management for chronic diseases, transparency of price and quality information, broad application of payment reforms for doctors and hospitals in government health programs, greater use of generic drugs, and use of alternative and less expensive medical facilities for routine care, such as walk-in clinics. He also supports enacting medical liability reform to reduce frivolous lawsuits and defensive medicine in the medical profession.

However, it is unclear exactly how these delivery reforms would be implemented and where he would draw the line between federal action and pri­vate initiative. This is a legitimate concern. These policies need to be clarified to ensure that they do not expand the role of government or discourage innovation in the private sector. Focusing on the primary goals of financing and insurance reform would go a long way toward improving value with­out additional government intervention.

Creating a Universal Tax Credit for Health Insurance

I propose to spread the tax subsidy for health insurance more equitably. I would change it to a refundable credit amounting to $5000 for all families and $2500 for individuals purchasing health insurance-regardless of the source of that coverage, regardless of how one purchases it, and regardless of one's income. The tax credit would ensure that everyone has access to the same level of financial support through the tax code to obtain basic health insurance.[3]

Under the McCain proposal, every family would receive a $5,000 tax credit and every individual would receive $2,500 tax credit to offset the costs of health insurance. This would largely replace the current tax break for health insurance that is obtain­able only through employer-based coverage. It would not change the employer's ability to deduct health insurance as a cost of business. Any remain­ing balance of the credit could be deposited into an "expanded" health savings account (HSA).[4] 

Roughly 80 percent of uninsured Americans are in working families. To maximize the take-up of coverage under the McCain plan, the refundable health care tax credit could be accompanied by a system of automatic enrollment in health insurance, either at the workplace or through a statewide health insurance exchange. States could also be allowed to establish such a mechanism, provided an individual is allowed reject, in writing, both enroll­ment in health insurance coverage and the health care tax credit.[5] 

Senator McCain is the first presidential nominee of either major party to prescribe a universal health care tax credit that would provide access to private health insurance for American families. His proposal builds on the broad intellectual consensus among liberal and conservative economists and health pol­icy analysts, who have long argued that the federal tax treatment of health insurance for employer-based coverage is both inefficient and unfair.

Tax Exclusion vs. Refundable Tax Credit. Not surprisingly, the existing federal tax treatment of health insurance and proposals to reform it are sources of much popular misunderstanding-con­fusing employer and employee tax breaks-even among journalists who follow health policy.

The existing tax exclusion is a special tax break for workers with employer-based health insurance. This means that the value of the health care benefits received through employment is excluded from tax­ation when calculating an individual's liability forfederal income taxes and federal payroll taxes.[6] 

The tax exclusion for employment-based health insurance is unlimited, in sharp contrast to other forms of compensation, such as retirement benefits, tuition reimbursements, and child care. This means that the larger the employer's health benefit package, the more tax-free income employees receive. It also favors higher-income workers over lower-income workers. Those who earn more than $100,000 receive a tax benefit between $4,000 and $5,000, while those who earn below $50,000 receive between $600 and $3,000 in tax benefits.[7]  More­over, individuals without employer-based health insurance receive no comparable tax break and must use after-tax dollars to buy health insurance.

Replacing the exclusion with a universal tax credit would be more equitable, both for those at lower income levels and for those without employer-based coverage, and would make federal financing of health care more transparent.

Expanding HSAs. Senator McCain would expand health savings accounts, but his proposal is unclear as to the exact changes that he is recom­mending. One sensible option would be to end the current requirement that the HSA be linked to a government-specified high-deductible insurance plan-a change recommended by several health policy analysts.[8] 

Today, only individuals who have a federally qualified high-deductible health plan can benefit from the tax-preferred savings of an HSA. Individu­als can contribute tax-free to an HSA. Those funds carry over from year to year without tax penalty and can be withdrawn without tax penalty to pay for qualified medical expenses.

Improving HSAs would reward individuals for choosing a low-premium plan by allowing them to deposit the remaining amount of their credit into a tax-preferred account to pay either for health care expenditures that are not met through the premium or for future costs, such as during retirement.

Fixing Federal Tax Policy on Health Insur­ance. The Senator's proposal to change the tax treat­ment of health insurance is the most critical and powerful reform in his health care plan.

As noted, liberal and conservative health policy analysts agree that existing federal policy is deeply flawed. The current federal policy is:

1. Unfair because it penalizes Americans who do not or cannot obtain health insurance through their workplaces;
   
   
2. Regressive because it disproportionately benefits upper-income individuals and families while providing little or no assistance to lower-income families;
   
   
3. Economically inefficient because it undermines consumer choice and competition in the health insurance markets and fuels higher health care costs; and
   
   
4. An obstacle to labor mobilitybecause it undercuts portability of coverage in a highly mobile econ­omy, thus undermining both continuity of cover­age and continuity of care.

The McCain health care tax proposal would address these problems by:

1. Introducing universal fairness into federal tax pol­icy by giving individuals, regardless of work sta­tus, the same tax break for purchasing health insurance and by ensuring that lower-income individuals receive the full value of the credit by making it "refundable";
   
   
2. Changing the dynamics in the health care system to control health care costs by encouraging indi­viduals to secure greater value for their health care dollars; and
   
   
3. Linking health care tax breaks directly to the indi­vidual rather than to the place of work, which would go a long way toward facilitating worker mobility and portability of coverage.

Tax equity and transparency. While the current tax treatment of health insurance provides unlim­ited tax assistance to workers who purchase cover­age through their employers, it does nothing for workers and their families who do not or cannot obtain health insurance through their employment. No comparable tax relief is offered to workers out­side the workplace.[9]  Moreover, the tax exclusion is regressive, benefiting individuals at higher income levels substantially more than lower-income work­ers.[10]  Under the McCain plan, individuals, regard­less of work status, would receive the same tax break for purchasing health insurance.

Some critics claim that this transition from a tax exclusion to a tax credit-financing the credit by making health benefits taxable compensation like wages-would amount to a tax increase.[11]  This is incorrect. In fact, the proposed taxation of health benefits is simply a mechanism for transitioning from one tax break (the exclusion) to another (the credit). Under almost any scenario, the credit is a far more equitable and transparent tax policy.

Tax experts, regardless of philosophical persua­sion, point out that the vast majority of Americans would be net winners with such a transition. Econ­omist Len Burman, a tax policy specialist at the Urban Institute and Brookings Institution's Tax Pol­icy Center, estimates that "[f]amilies at all income levels would pay lower taxes, at least on average.… On average, is about a $1,200 tax cut in 2009."[12] 

A recent analysis by Republican congressional staff looked at the impact of transitioning from the exclusion to a credit on middle-class families. Assuming that the average annual value of employer-based family group coverage is roughly $12,000 and that those benefits were subject to income tax liability, a middle-class family in the 25 percent tax bracket would have a tax liability of $3,000 on those benefits. However, that family would be automatically eligible for a $5,000 health care tax credit, thus securing a $2,000 tax savings. A family in the 28 percent tax bracket would have a tax liability on the same health benefits package of $3,360, but the $5,000 credit would yield a tax sav­ings of $1,640.[13] 

Furthermore, the credit would help lower-income families. The analysis also found that work­ers in the lowest tax bracket would receive five times the tax benefits from a $5,000 family health care tax credit than workers in the highest tax bracket would receive. Even so, higher-income workers would still receive a slightly better tax ben­efit than they receive under the current system on the value (an estimated $12,000 annually) of the average group health insurance coverage.[14]  The McCain tax credit is also designed to be refundable, meaning that individuals with little or no tax liabil­ity would still receive the full amount of the credit.

Transparency is also an important element of reform. Economists know that wages and benefits together comprise a worker's total compensation and that the employer's provision of health benefits offsets wages and other compensation. One mea­sure to make this transparent for employees, pro­tecting workers from a loss of compensation in any potential switch from an employment to a non-employment health plan, is for employers to dis­close to their employees the value of the employees' health coverage and how that provision reduces their wages and other compensation. In this fash­ion, employees could secure appropriate wage increases or other compensation benefits that would accompany any transition from employer-based coverage.[15] 

Of course, replacing the tax exclusion with a fixed and fair universal tax credit would introduce real transparency in the financing of health care. All Americans would receive the same tax break for buying health insurance. The tax benefits would no longer be hidden, and individuals would no longer be excluded.

Improving Value.Urban Institute scholar C. Eugene Steuerle argues that the existing tax exclu­sion encourages the purchase of more expensive health care policies, which increases the overall costs of health insurance. This makes coverage more expensive, pricing some individuals and families out of coverage and contributing to uninsurance.[16] 

Today, workers have few incentives to consider health care costs, especially when they are under the erroneous but widely held impression that their employer simply pays for their coverage and that this coverage is somehow free to them.[17]  The sys­temic consequences of this popular fiction are expensive. The perverse incentives created by this opaque economic arrangement are aggravated by the existing tax policy, which rewards those with a more generous health care plan by providing them with more tax-free benefits.

Overall, current tax law drives up health care costs. As the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reports:

The current tax exclusion for the costs of employment-based health insurance tends to cause more health spending to occur through that type of insurance-and more spending on health in general-than would otherwise be the case.[18] 

Replacing the open-ended exclusion with a fairer, fixed tax break would make individuals more inclined to purchase insurance that offers them the best value for the dollars spent, whether through their employers or independently. This would intro­duce a level of market efficiency that is largely absent today.

In fact, coverage in the non-group market, where individuals purchase coverage without any compa­rable tax breaks, is less expensive than employer-based coverage. In 2007, the average cost of a family plan under employer-provided insurance was $12,106,[19]  while the average family policy in the non-group market cost $5,799 and offered a broad range of benefits.[20]  Today's tax policy effectively sub­sidizes increases in annual health care costs that rou­tinely exceed the rates of inflation and wage growth.

The McCain proposal would also have the added benefit of encouraging employers to compensate workers by increasing their wages or other forms of compensation rather than by funneling more money to them as health benefits.[21]  Replacing the exclusion with a credit and linking it to the con­sumer price index would help to moderate rising health care spending rather than acting as a catalyst for even higher health care costs.

Today's increasing health care costs are not inev­itable. If consumers searched for value for their health care dollars-something they generally do not do today-they would reverse existing incen­tives that are driving up costs and would help to keep overall health care spending at a more rational level. As the Lewin Group, a national nonpartisan econometric health care firm, explains:

By making employer health benefits taxable, consumers will have a new incentive to seek out lower-cost coverage. This would stimu­late increased price competition among insurers resulting in increased enrollment in more efficient and lower cost-coverage.[22] 

Breaking Job Lock.America has a highly mobile economy. For example, in 2007, there were 54.6 million job changes: 31.1 million workers quit their positions, mostly to change jobs; 19.7 million were laid off or fired; and 3.9 million left because of dis­ability, death, or retirement.[23]  According to the Department of Labor, the average person born be­tween 1957 and 1964 has already had 10.8 jobs.[24] 

The McCain plan would accommodate the mobility of a highly advanced economy, increas­ing productivity and particularly enhancing the ability of small businesses to grow and expand. Individuals would have a level playing field- undistorted by the tax code-to choose whether to select a health policy from their workplaces or from other sources.[25] 

Today, leaving a job or changing jobs means leav­ing behind the health insurance provided at the place of work. Individuals who wish to take a better job, change careers, or leave the workforce to raise a family or to retire early take substantial risks. They may find themselves going without coverage, pur­chasing non-group insurance with substantial tax penalties, or giving up a well-developed relation­ship with a physician or medical specialist. This health insurance obstacle to labor mobility is some­times called "job lock."[26] 

Under the McCain plan, which links tax breaks directly to individuals instead of to their place of work, individuals would no longer feel obligated to stay with their employers simply because they need to keep their employer-based health insurance. If the worker lost a job, changed jobs, or retired early, he or she could buy an insurance policy and offset its cost with the McCain health care tax credit.

Delinking the current tax structure from employer-based health insurance would not neces­sarily end employer-based insurance. Under the McCain plan, employers would still be able to deduct the cost of offering health insurance, and that employer-based health insurance would remain an attractive option for workers for a variety of reasons.[27]  The Lewin Group estimates that 6.4 million people would gain coverage through their employers under the McCain plan.[28] 

Political Obstacles to Reform

Health care experts are in broad agreement on the inequities in the current tax treatment of health insurance. Yet that intellectual consensus has not translated into a similarly broad political consensus on Capitol Hill.[29] 

Health policy analysts of different philosophical persuasions who have long championed similar changes in the federal tax code recognize the politi­cal difficulties of such a reform. Jason Furman, a health policy specialist at the Brookings Institution, has written extensively on the shortcomings of the federal tax treatment of health insurance and the trade-offs inherent under various reform proposals. He concludes that "policymakers would have to bal­ance the benefits of a potentially better system against the risks of disrupting what works now."[30]  However, what "works now" does not work for mil­lions of uninsured American families.

Changing federal tax policy governing health insurance is real change, unlike the conventional health reform proposals that would largely preserve, expand, and further regulate the status quo. Politi­cally, such fundamental change is quite different from merely accepting existing government and third-party payment arrangements as a given and filling in the gaps with more government funding and government programs.

Such serious and profound change would trans­fer control of health care dollars from third-party payers to individuals and families. In other words, it would introduce personal choice and genuine com­petition into the huge health care sector, where free-market forces are virtually absent, routinely dispar­aged, generally feared, and strongly resisted.

Compelling Health Insurance Companies to Compete

I would also allow individuals to choose to pur­chase health insurance across state lines, when they can find more affordable and attractive products elsewhere that they prefer. Opening up the health insurance market to more vigorous nationwide competition, as we have done over the last decade in banking, would provide more choices of innovative products less burdened by the worst excesses of state-based regulation.[31]

Senator McCain's plan would allow individuals to buy a health plan for themselves and their fami­lies outside of the boundaries of their state's regula­tion. Essentially, this would allow individuals to decide which state-regulated market best meets their personal needs. This would make health insur­ance like virtually every other good and service in the national economy and introduce a level of con­sumer-driven competition that does not exist today.

Analysis.Health insurance markets, with rare and notable exceptions,[32]  are not driven by the free-market forces of consumer choice and competition. Unlike other insurance markets and markets for almost every other commodity or service in the national economy, most individuals cannot buy health insurance outside of their state-regulated market. This limits their ability to shop for health coverage that best meets their specific needs because such plans may not be available in their states.

Health costs differ dramatically from state to state because of a variety of factors, including demo­graphics, prevailing wages, and patterns of medical practice. State laws, rules, and regulations also affect the cost and availability of coverage in each state. In some states, legislators and regulators impose oner­ous and expensive requirements on health plans and benefits, such as mandates for specific health bene­fits and guaranteed issue with community rating.[33]  Insurance overregulation and the near absence of competition can severely limit individuals' coverage options and result in higher premiums, pricing many people out of the health insurance market.

Senator McCain's proposal would not, as some critics erroneously suggest, totally deregulate the market.[34]  Instead, it would allow individuals to choose among the various state regulatory struc­tures when they buy their coverage, dramatically expanding the number of insurance options avail­able to them. This would foster interstate competi­tion while preserving each state's regulatory authority.

In many respects, the McCain policy is similar to legislation sponsored by Representative John Shadegg (R-AZ) and Senator Jim DeMint (R-SC).[35]  Their proposal would create new federal rules, but states would remain primarily responsible for regu­lating health insurance.

Besides expanding the health insurance options for millions of Americans, such a reform would broaden and intensify competition among health plans and medical providers. If a state's existing array of health insurance plans proved less compet­itive in providing value for consumers' dollars, state legislators and regulators would have an incentive to conduct a serious review of their health insurance regulations-an incentive largely absent from the current system.[36]  The end result would strike a bal­ance between states' regulation of insurance and preservation of flexibility for insurers to innovate, giving consumers better choices.

Such a competitive policy would also reduce the number of uninsured. Researchers at the University of Minnesota recently simulated how such a market change would affect the take-up rates of persons buying health insurance. In each scenario, the mar­ket change reduced the number of uninsured. In the best scenario, the number of uninsured was reduced by 17 million.[37]  The researchers concluded:

A national market would lead to substantial additional health care access which should lead to health improvements among the vul­nerable populations who currently find health insurance unaffordable. In addition, development of a national market requires no additional federal resources other than support for legislation to permit the develop­ment of such a change to the U.S. health insurance market.[38] 

Opening the health insurance markets to inter­state competition combined with expanding the tax treatment of health insurance would reduce the total number of uninsured in America even more dramatically.[39] 

Direct Help for the Hard Cases

I wouldimprove the non-employer, individual insurance market by building on existing Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) protections for people with pre-existing conditions and by expanding support for guar­anteed access plan (GAP) coverage in the states that would insure them if they are denied private coverage or only offered coverage at very high premium costs.[40] 

Under McCain's Guaranteed Access Plan (GAP), the federal government would work with governors and provide federal assistance to develop models for states to ensure that individuals who experience dif­ficulty obtaining coverage would have access to health insurance. One model envisioned under this approach would be a type of high-risk pool, in which a state or states would provide insurance with reasonable premiums to uninsurable individu­als. In the recent analysis by the Lewin Group, the GAP provisions would cost an estimated $235.4 bil­lion over 10 years.[41] 

The McCain plan also envisions expanding pri­vate coverage options available to Medicaid enroll­ees and veterans, who frequently have difficulty accessing the care that they need.

Analysis.The McCain proposal has the virtue of proportionality. It targets the specific problem of the hard-to-insure and the uninsurable without severely altering or undermining the health cover­age options for everyone else. Estimates vary, but the number of Americans who are considered unin­surable is in fact quite small.[42] 

Conscientious state legislators often grapple with how to deal with these hard cases. These vulnerable populations consist mostly of poor or sick individ­uals who do not or cannot obtain health insurance because they are excluded from the market by underwriting or pre-existing conditions or because they are ineligible for government programs.

Senator McCain envisions a major and continu­ing role for state governments in expanding health care access and innovating in the delivery of health care services, particularly to vulnerable popula­tions. Any federal assistance to the states should give them a high degree of flexibility in designing and implementing a guaranteed access program. While many states use high-risk pools to address the needs of the hard-to-insure, the interests of the uninsured would be best served by allowing states to experiment with various models. This would give states an opportunity to learn from each other in pursuing coverage strategies.

Any attempt to deal with the hard-to-insure should be done in a cost-effective fashion. States can provide coverage for difficult cases in a variety of ways that also can control health care costs and limit taxpayer exposure. For example, states could main­stream hard-to-insure persons into the statewide health insurance markets at standard rates through a statewide risk-transfer pool, financed entirely by the insurers themselves. Their costs could be absorbed and redistributed to affected insurers through this pool, operating as a "back end" risk-adjustment mechanism.

As developed by Heritage Foundation analysts, the state risk-transfer pool would "simply be a mechanism for evening out disparities among pri­vate plans by shifting a portion of the excess costs incurred by plans with above-average shares of expensive claims or patients to plans with below-average shares."[43]  In this version of the statewide risk-transfer pool, the premium financing of risks ceded to the pool by the insurers would be pri­vate, with little or no financial exposure for the taxpayer.

Finally, reforming public health programs, as suggested by Senator McCain, to expand options for Medicaid enrollees and veterans is important. Opening access to private health insurance and integrating consumer-directed models would give these vulnerable populations more control of their personal health care decisions.[44] 

Federalism. Identifying the key role that states play in health care reform is an important compo­nent of the McCain plan. The Senator recognizes that one-size-fits-all federal solutions cannot meet the unique needs of all Americans. He also recog­nizes that, although health reform requires a strong national dimension, different states will take differ­ent approaches.

Welfare reform provides a useful model. Exper­imentation by states provided federal policymak­ers with a better understanding of the federal obstacles to reform and the value of tailoring solu­tions to unique state conditions to meet broad federal goals. Given that no perfect federal solu­tion exists, federalism offers a promising alter­native. Heritage Foundation and Brookings Institution analysts have outlined a way to engage the states and advance health reform in a divided political environment.[45] 

A Conventional Policy for Prescription Drugs

Senator McCain would open the U.S. market for safe drug importation and accelerate the use of generic drugs to lower the prices of prescrip­tion drugs.

Analysis. The Senator's drug importation pro­posal raises the same objections as similar proposals recently debated in Congress.[46] 

America leads the world in drug development, and Americans benefit by having access to these life-saving drugs. However, Americans also shoulder a significant portion of the costs associated with developing these new drugs. Many foreign govern­ments impose price controls on drugs, shifting development costs onto American consumers.[47] 

The basic idea behind drug importation is to allow American consumers to import artificially low-cost drugs from price-controlled countries. While this sounds attractive, this concept has sev­eral inherent flaws.

First, it signals U.S. support for price-controlled markets, which could deter development of new drugs.

Second, drug importation depends on a safe dis­tribution system. The Secretaries of Health and Human Services under Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush could not guarantee the safety of imported drugs.[48] 

Third, even if the federal government could guar­antee safety and was willing to allocate significant resources to address safety concerns, there would be few cost savings. The CBO estimates that drug importation would save less than 1 percent in over­all U.S. drug spending.[49] 

In short, this policy may be politically appealing, but its likely results are less than clear.[50] 

Furthermore, the debate on prescription drugs has changed in recent years. Drug importation was more pressing when a substantial number of senior citizens-roughly one out of four-did not have access to prescription drug coverage. This changed dramatically after enactment of the Medicare Mod­ernization Act of 2003, which created a universal entitlement to prescription drugs in the Medicare program and provided a generous subsidy to low-income seniors. This makes drug coverage available to and far more affordable for seniors.

Since enactment of the Medicare drug benefit, projected average drug premiums have generally declined, although they are expected to increase in 2009. For 2009, the average monthly premium for the basic Medicare drug benefit is projected to cost $28 per month, far lower than the original projec­tions of $37 per month. Additionally, Medicare ben­eficiaries in most states will be able to secure drug plans with premiums below $20 per month.[51] 

Beyond passage of the Medicare drug bill, there are stunning discounts available in retail markets[52]  and private initiatives to help individuals obtain prescription drugs.[53] 

Details of Senator McCain's proposal to speed up access to generic drugs are unclear. Use of generics has already increased significantly: 68 percent of all prescriptions are filled with generic drugs.[54] 

The key issue in this case is the intersection of accelerated access to generic drugs, existing patent law, and drug innovation. If policy initiatives are not properly aligned, they can be counterproductive. Washington policymakers need to tread lightly to preserve a balance between expanding access to generic drugs and protecting intellectual property rights, which are vital to drug innovations.

Improving Health Care Delivery

Senator McCain emphasizes the need to improve health care delivery with the goal of securing better value for health care dollars at lower cost. The McCain initiatives in this area include:

1. Improving chronic disease care. Senator McCain would emphasize prevention, early intervention, healthy habits, and new treatment models. He favors a new public infrastructure and expanded use of information technology in health care to provide better quality at lower cost for chronic conditions.
   
   
2. Supporting care coordination. The proposal would entail a single payment for high-quality disease care as a way to make doctors and other medical professionals more accountable and responsive to patients for results.
   
   
3. Increasing transparency. McCain would make information on medical outcomes, quality of care, and costs and prices more available to the public. In addition, his plan would facilitate national standards for measuring treatments and outcomes.
   
   
4. Expanding access to alternative care facilities. The McCain plan envisions the federal govern­ment expanding access by promoting retail out­let clinics and walk-in clinics.
   
   
5. Using health information technology. Senator McCain envisions rapid deployment of a health IT system based on federal guidelines.
   
   
6. Pursuing payment reforms. McCain would reform the payment system used in Medicare and Medicaid and would compensate providers for diagnosis, prevention, and care coordination.
   
   
7. Enacting medical liability reform. McCain would have Congress enact medical liability reform that eliminates frivolous lawsuits.[55] 

Analysis. The McCain plan would promote dis­ease management, care coordination, health infor­mation technology, transparency, liability reform, and pay reforms in government health programs for hospitals, doctors, and other medical professionals. The entire thrust of these initiatives is to secure higher value and better results for fewer dollars. These goals are undeniably beneficial to patients and inherently laudable.

However, these increasingly popular reforms raise two concerns.

First, McCain is often unclear in explaining exactly how these initiatives would be developed and implemented and what roles government and the private sector would play. In other words, they could be pursued and advanced in a way that is compatible with robust and dynamic free-market reforms in financing and the health insurance markets-which is clearly the objective of Senator McCain's financial and coverage initiatives-or they could easily become avenues for imposing increasingly prescriptive federal regulation, dupli­cating existing state regulation, and further undermining personal freedom in health care decisions.

Prominent economists have pointed out that realigning the incentives of insurers, doctors, hospi­tals, and patients through a restructured market is the best way to deliver value to patients.[56] 

Second, how these health care delivery initia­tives would realize their attributed savings is unclear, largely because of the uncertainty sur­rounding their implementation and because of external factors that would determine their suc­cess as cost-saving innovations. As Professor Mark Pauly, a health care economist at the University of Pennsylvania, has observed:

The main problem is that these are "if only" savings, which can be achieved "if only" cer­tain events would occur, such as physicians' being willing to adopt health IT, consumers' being willing to accept changes in diet and exercise, the timely receipt of preventive care, or full trust in primary care doctors who are custodians of a medical home….

There is little evidence that there are known methods to cause the "if only" behavior to occur, and to occur quickly on a large enough scale to matter. Few of the innovations relate directly to controlling the new technology that is driving spending growth, so they can­not promise the kind of large and permanent reduction in spending growth (not levels) that is needed for true cost containment.[57] 

Finally, involving government in the implementa­tion of delivery reforms runs the serious risk of turn­ing the initiatives into government tools to lower costs by limiting access to care and services, severely inter­fering with the care that patients receive.

Disease Management and Care Coordination.The need to improve quality and reduce costs for treating chronic conditions is not in dispute. The question is how a McCain Administration would achieve these goals.

How the payment of medical professionals would function under care coordination is a key area that needs to be clarified. It is reasonable to assume that these efforts on care coordination are intended to be broader than just government-run health programs. This is a matter of concern if it impedes the flexibility of innovative private health plans.

In a health insurance market that is increasingly driven by consumers' decisions, as envisioned under the McCain tax and insurance proposals, pri­vate health insurers would have a powerful eco­nomic incentive to keep patients healthy and costs low. However, government interference in a reformed private insurance market, which is already testing new models of care, could discourage fur­ther innovation by insurers to find and experiment with more advanced models that could improve the quality of patient care and keep costs down.

For example, the Senator emphasizes promoting the availability of smoking-cessation programs. Many private health insurance plans, including those in the FEHBP, already have such programs. It is unclear from his plan whether the McCain strat­egy would focus on government-run programs or is a new federal benefit mandate on private insurers, such as the proposed mental health parity initiative. Without specifics, it is difficult to determine how much decision-making with respect to care coordi­nation would remain a private-sector responsibility.

Transparency.For most Americans, the health care sector of the economy is maddeningly opaque. Transparency, especially in cost and quality, is a laudable goal. The key question in the McCain plan is whether any proposed federal standard would eliminate or supersede nongovernmental efforts. Ideally, consumers should have access to multiple, competing sources of information on price and quality. Most important, the information should be a means for consumers, not government officials, to make better health care decisions for themselves and their families.

Alternative Facilities.Althoughshort on details, the McCain plan would promote retail outlet clinics and walk-in clinics. It is difficult to imagine a useful federal role in this area, particularly given the surge in the availability of such clinics and the increasing numbers of consumers using them.[58]  Conceivably, his proposal could use federal control of govern­ment health plans to steer patients to these types of arrangements.

The government, however, should refrain from such efforts that choose winners and losers in the health care marketplace. With proper market incen­tives in a consumer-driven system, private health plans would likely adopt reimbursement strategies to promote such facilities. Economic demand driven by consumers, not government officials, should determine the market for these alternative facilities.

Health Information Technology. Health informa­tion technology unquestionably holds great prom­ise for improving accuracy and safety in the delivery of medical goods and services, improving efficiency in health care payment, and moderating health care cost increases. Some analysts believe that IT could revolutionize the health care system. However, the CBO warns, "By itself, the adoption of more health IT is generally not sufficient to produce significant cost savings."[59] 

The progress of health IT and the more wide­spread use of personal health records would be less problematic if the underlying economic incentives of health care were aligned more rationally than they are today. If individuals rather than govern­ment officials and corporate benefits managers were making the key economic decisions about plans and securing savings from those decisions, they would create a natural demand for higher efficiency and greater use of IT in health care transactions.

As consumers, individuals could purchase cover­age based on the quality and effectiveness of medi­cal services and ancillary benefits such as the provision of a personal health record. More con­sumers would demand that doctors and other med­ical professionals communicate with them using 21st century technology. In the banking and credit card industries, the use of consumer-friendly infor­mation technology is routine and evolving. Similar patterns of expansion and usage would evolve in a consumer-driven health care system.

Payment Reforms. The McCain plan proposes payment reforms in Medicare and Medicaid. While providers should put patients first, the current pay­ment system, particularly under Medicare and Med­icaid, rewards providers based on quantity rather than quality.

If the Senator is pondering the broader applica­tion of Medicare's proposed pay-for-performance scheme, which sets government guidelines for medical practice, then he is proposing a flawed solution. President Bush first introduced this con­cept in connection with reforming Medicare pay­ments to physicians.

However, as designed for Medicare, federal pay-for-performance would result in doctors treating patients by using "cookbook medicine," which would undermine high-quality personalized care and weaken the doctor-patient relationship.[60]  Even if initially limited to Medicare, this practice would likely spread because private health insurers regret­tably tend to copy the Medicare payment regime.[61]

Medical Liability Reform.Senator McCain offers no specific medical liability reforms, but he does recognize that frivolous lawsuits are a fundamental problem. Regrettably, he suggests a federal solution, even though medical liability is primarily a state responsibility.

The impact of high medical liability insurance on access to critical services has already led many states to address the issue. States can enact effective caps on damage awards and pursue a variety of other remedies. Not only is this issue better suited to state remedies, but inevitable variation among state responses will provide an opportunity for states to learn from each other.[62] 

Costs, Savings, and Coverage Under the McCain Plan

Accurately assessing the effects on costs, savings, and coverage is difficult because economists must often rely on assumptions. However, several prom­inent economists have provided analysis to help measure these policies.

The Lewin Group estimates that the McCain plan will cost $2.05 trillion over 10 years.[63]  Analysts at the Urban Institute and Brookings Institution's Tax Policy Center estimate that the McCain plan would cost $1.3 trillion over 10 years.[64] 

The Lewin Group also estimates that average family health spending would decrease by $1,411 under the McCain plan.[65] 

There have also been various attempts to project the impact of the McCain plan on expanding cover­age. The Lewin Group estimates that 21.1 million people would gain coverage under this plan.[66]  Over­all, the McCain plan would increase the number of people with private coverage by 26.5 million.[67] 

Conclusion

Senator McCain's vision for health care reform is underscored by a principled commitment to personal freedom. He focuses on reforming the system to empower individuals and families to make health care decisions and to control their health care dollars.

At the cornerstone of his plan is reforming the tax treatment of health insurance, long a fundamen­tal obstacle to promoting a more consumer-based health care system. The McCain plan would replace the current tax exclusion for employer-based cover­age with a fairer, universal refundable tax credit that would enable Americans to purchase health care coverage of their choosing. The health care tax reform is coupled with a proposal enabling individ­uals to purchase health insurance from any state in the Union, dramatically expanding coverage options, and opening up interstate competition in health insurance. Finally, the McCain plan would establish a partnership with states to help address the insurance needs of hard-to-insure individuals.

The McCain plan also proposes a variety of deliv­ery reforms, albeit with few details. It is critical that these reform efforts not lead to greater government interference in or control of the care and services available to Americans. Such efforts should enhance the role of choice and competition, which is at the heart of Senator McCain's policy agenda, not com­promise the doctor-patient relationship or under­mine personal choice.

Robert E. Moffit, Ph.D., is Director of and Nina Owcharenko is a Senior Policy Analyst in the Center for Health Policy Studies at The Heritage Foundation.

Read: The Obama Health Care Plan: More Power to Washington