Many Members of Congress value the opportunity to choose a safe and effective school for their own children, yet many of these same Members consis­tently oppose school choice legislation that would give the same opportunity to other families. For example, Senators Edward Kennedy (D-MA) and Hil­lary Clinton (D-NY) have been outspoken opponents of school choice initiatives even though both have sent their children to private schools.[1]

Since 2000, The Heritage Foundation has con­ducted several surveys of Members of Congress to determine how many Senators and Representatives practice school choice by sending their children to private school.[2] In 2007, The Heritage Foundation updated this survey and found that 37 percent of Representatives and 45 percent of Senators in the 110th Congress sent their children to private schools-almost four times the rate of the general population.[3]

Based on the survey results, if all of the Members who exercised school choice for their own children had supported school choice in policy, every major legislative effort in recent years to give parents school choice would have passed. Congress should support policies that give all families the opportunity to choose the best school options for their children.

The Parental Choice Survey of Members of Congress

In 2007, The Heritage Foundation conducted a survey of Members of Congress to determine the percentage that practice private school choice. The Heritage Foundation conducted similar sur­veys in 2000, 2001, and 2003,[4] and the results show that private school choice continues to be an important option for elected leaders' families. (See Table 1.)

The 2007 survey found that the percentage of Members of the 110th Congress who practice pri­vate school choice is disproportionate to the general populace, since only 11.5 percent of American stu­dents attend private schools.[5] Also of note, Mem­bers of the Congressional Black Caucus and Congressional Hispanic Caucus, who represent populations that have fared poorly academically in public schools and that stand to benefit the most from educational options,[6] showed particularly high rates of practicing school choice.

Notable findings include the following:

• Over 37 percent of Representatives and 45 per­cent of Senators responded that they had sent their children to private school;
  
  
• Over 23 percent of House Education and Labor Committee members and 33 percent of Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Com­mittee members exercised private school choice; and
  
  

  

• Exactly 52 percent of Congressional Black Cau­cus members and 38 percent of Congressional Hispanic Caucus members sent at least one child to private school.[7]

Survey Details

Between January 22, 2007, and February 22, 2007, The Heritage Foundation contacted the staff of each Representative and Senator to ask whether the Member has children and, if so, whether they attend or have attended public or private schools. For purposes of survey tabula­tion, Members who have sent at least one child to private school at any time were categorized as having exercised school choice.

Because the 2007 survey was conducted in the same way as the 2003 survey, if a Member did not respond to the 2007 survey request, 2003 data were used whenever possible. If no data were available from either survey and the Member did not respond, the Member was included in the "no response" category.

Using this methodology, the response rate for the survey was 69 percent for Representatives and 72 percent for Senators.

Policy Relevance

Since 2001, Congress has considered multiple initiatives to expand parental choice in education. In 2001, during the first congressional debate over No Child Left Behind (NCLB), the House of Repre­sentatives voted down an amendment that would have given scholarships to students attending low-performing or dangerous public schools by a vote of 155 to 273.[8] During the Senate debate over NCLB, the Senate rejected a pilot program to pro­vide scholarships to low-income students by a vote of 41 to 58.[9]

Based on the 2003 survey, each of these amend­ments would have passed if Members who exer­cised school choice for their own children had voted in favor of the school choice initiatives.

School Choice Developments Since 2003

Since the 2003 survey, Congress has taken an historic step to empower parents by creating the first federal school voucher program for disadvan­taged children in Washington, D.C.

In 2004, the House of Representatives passed legislation to give low-income students in the Dis­trict of Columbia who are trapped in low-perform­ing public schools the opportunity to apply for a scholarship to attend a private school of choice. The D.C. Choice Incentive Act of 2003 (H.R. 2556) passed by only one vote (209-208) as part of H.R. 2765. The vote was largely along party lines: Only 15 Republicans voted against it, and only three Democrats voted for it.[10]

The Senate passed the measure by a vote of 65 to 28 as part of an omnibus spending bill (H.R. 2673). Opposition to the voucher program led some Sena­tors to oppose the overall spending bill, and Senator Kennedy and other Democrats held an anti-voucher rally immediately after the vote.[11] Vowing to repeal the voucher program, he proclaimed: "Even after this vote, don't bank on vouchers coming to D.C."[12] However, opponents have not succeeded in repealing the program.

Instead, the legislation created the first federally funded voucher program, now known as the Wash­ington, D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program. More than 1,800 students, with an average family income of $21,100, are using opportunity scholarships to attend 66 participating private schools in Washington. Approximately 11 percent of eligible low-income stu­dents have applied for a scholarship.[13]

The D.C. scholarship program is an important step toward parental choice in education. Despite serving only a limited number of students, a school choice program in the nation's capital is a model for the rest of the country.

Researchers have produced two key reports ana­lyzing the program's effectiveness.

• The first report, published by the Georgetown University Public Policy Institute in May 2007, found that "[t]he vast majority of families partic­ipating in this study are satisfied with the OSP [Opportunity Scholarship Program] in general, and their choice of new schools in particular." The report concluded that parents were more involved in their children's education and that their involvement increased the longer their child participated in the program. The report also found that participating parents had become active and engaged consumers of edu­cation, visiting an average of three schools before selecting one.[14]
  
  
• The second report,released by the U.S. Depart­ment of Education in June 2007, evaluated student achievement in the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program.[15] While the report found gains among some subgroups, the academic results were pre­dictably modest since the study evaluated students after only one year in the program.

Academic achievement studies of similar voucher programs have been positive. Eight ran­dom-assignment studies of five school voucher and tuition scholarship programs compared the perfor­mance of students who were awarded scholarships to attend private school through a lottery system to the performance of their peers who entered the lot­tery but did not receive scholarships and therefore remained in public school. According to education researcher Jay Greene, all but one of these studies found that students using scholarships to attend private schools performed significantly better aca­demically, and every study found some positive aca­demic effect. For example, two randomized-experiment studies of the Milwaukee school voucher program have found that students who received vouchers through a lottery made academic gains when compared to their peers who remained in public school. Similar studies of private school choice programs in other cities (e.g., Charlotte, New York City, and Washington, D.C.) reached similar conclusions.[16]

Additional Progress for School Choice

The D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program rep­resents a significant policy advance at the federal level, but the most important progress is being made at the state level. Twelve states and the District of Columbia offer publicly funded private-school choice programs.[17]

The number of states offering private school choice will increase because of the 2007 state legislative sessions. In May, Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue (R) signed into law a special-needs scholarship program,[18] and Utah Governor Jon Huntsman, Jr. (R), signed into law a nearly uni­versal school voucher program.[19] Implementa­tion of Utah's program has been delayed by voucher opponents, who mounted a successful petition drive to put the measure to a referen­dum. Utah voters will decide the future of the program in November 2007.

Regardless of the outcome of the Utah referen­dum, the number of students benefiting from school choice options will increase in 2008 because other states, including Pennsylvania, have ex­panded their existing programs to include more students.[20] Currently, an estimated 150,000 stu­dents are participating in private-school choice pro­grams across the country.

The Benefits of School Choice

For the Members of Congress who exercise school choice, the benefits of allowing parents to choose a safe and effective school for their children should be obvious. In addition, a growing body of research and practical evidence shows that school choice programs are working:

• School choice options have proven widely popu­lar with families. When private-school scholar­ships have been made available, many families have applied, and programs that are fully phased-in have long waiting lists for scholarships.[21]
  
  
• School choice programs improve parents' satis­faction with their children's schools.[22]
  
  
• Children benefiting from school choice scholar­ships have improved academically compared to their peers.[23]
  
  
• School choice programs have had a positive effect on public school systems because the threat of competition is spurring public schools to improve their services.[24]

School Choice Proposals in the 110th Congress

During the 110th Congress, Members will have opportunities to maintain and expand parental choice in education. For example, the D.C. Opportunity Scholarship Program receives annual appropriations and is set to expire in 2008.

If all Members of Congress who have sent their children to private schools voted in accordance with the choices they have exercised personally, the pro­gram would be reauthorized with a healthy margin. Over 37 percent of House Democrats have prac­ticed school choice, but 96 percent of Democrats who practiced school choice voted against the voucher program.[25]

In addition, parental choice will be part of the reauthorization debate over No Child Left Behind. Representative Howard "Buck" McKeon (R-CA), ranking member of the House Education and Labor Committee, and House Minority Leader John Boehner (R-OH) have introduced the Empowering Parents Through Choice Act (H.R. 1486).[26] This legislation would provide low-income students trapped in schools labeled as "restructuring" or "failing" under NCLB with a scholarship to attend a private school of choice. If each of the Representa­tives who practice school choice were to join with those who have traditionally supported school choice, the Empowering Parents through Choice Act would also pass.

Conclusion

Parents, the public, and Members of Congress have shown that they value allowing parents to choose a safe and effective education for their chil­dren. According to a 2007 survey conducted by The Heritage Foundation, 37 percent of U.S. Represen­tatives and 45 percent of U.S. Senators sent their children to private schools-roughly four times the rate of the rest of the population.

Regrettably, many families-unlike Members of Congress-simply do not have the financial means to send their children to private schools, especially after paying taxes to support public education. Members of Congress should support policies that give all families the opportunity to choose the best school options for their children.

Evan Feinberg is a Research Assistant in the Domestic Policy Studies Department at The Heritage Foundation. John Lavoie and Elizabeth Smitham, Heritage Foundation interns, contributed to this report.

Appendix