The final report of the National Commission on Ter­rorist Attacks Upon the United States said that Amer­ica's biggest failure leading to the events of September 11, 2001, was a lack of imagination.[1] After the collapse of the Soviet Union, terrorist dangers were hardly men­tioned as priorities in America's policy debates. Like­wise, leaders in both the legislative and executive branches considered public diplomacy (PD) a Cold-War relic in the absence of a powerful adversary.

In 1999, the U.S. Information Agency (USIA) was merged into the U.S. Department of State, where senior managers carved up its functions and dispersed them among the State Department's geographic and func­tional bureaus. Foreign broadcasting was placed under a new, independent Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG). Thus, public diplomacy lost its leadership and organizational integrity just before the September 11 attacks. Since then, the Department of Defense (DOD) and foreign broadcasting have tried to fill in the void.

While overseas opinion polls show mostly negative views of the United States, the State Department's communications machinery remains in disarray. Con­gressional funding for public diplomacy programs has increased only slightly since 9/11, interagency coordi­nation remains minimal, and America's foreign com­munication efforts lack a focused strategy.[2] More worrisome, new programs may not be effective in con­fronting the array of security, foreign policy, and eco­nomic challenges emanating from the Middle East.

On July 29, 2005, the Senate confirmed Karen Hughes as Under Secretary of State for Public Diplo­macy and Public Affairs. As a close adviser to Presi­dent George W. Bush since he was governor of Texas, she should have his backing to advance needed reforms, but her task will be daunting and limited to fixing one part of the larger public diplo­macy effort. To strengthen America's waning com­munications capabilities, the White House and Congress therefore should:

• Strengthen State Department public diplo­macy by providing adequate authority and resources;
• Streamline foreign broadcasting to ensure better coordination with global public diplo­macy and development goals;
• Integrate efforts across the government by appointing a high-level coordinator and establishing an independent foreign polling center;
• Create a public diplomacy doctrine and glo­bal strategy, developed by lead public diplo­macy actors; and
• Abolish domestic access limits on public diplomacy products contained in legislation dating from the 1940s.

In the Middle East, the current regional priority for public diplomacy, the U.S. government should:

• Promote regional and local media initiatives to counter the growth of militant Islamic extremism;
• Support educational alternatives to help open minds through American schools, adult education and training, and enhanced exchange programs; and
• Engage local opinion leaders to ensure that they have enough facts to counter mispercep­tions, distortions, and disinformation about U.S. desires to encourage peace, prosperity, and partnership in the region.

Holding Pattern

From the height of the Cold War to 9/11, public diplomacy has never enjoyed a domestic constitu­ency. The 1948 Smith-Mundt Act that established the basis for much of America's public diplomacy efforts prohibited domestic use of materials pro­duced for overseas missions, ensuring that few Americans knew about the mission.[3] Public diplo­macy has only now become better known because Americans realize both that U.S. policies are often misunderstood in various parts of the world and that the United States is poorly regarded among peoples with whom U.S. citizens seldom have contact.

Misguided Merger. As the lead organization for public diplomacy, USIA began to lose sub­stantial resources and effectiveness in the early 1990s. Outreach programs like academic and cultural exchanges, book translation, U.S.-host country binational centers, and American librar­ies were cut, and funding was frozen at $1 billion annually, which amounts to steady reduction after inflation. In 1998, Congress decided to reduce foreign operating expenses and consoli­date operations.[4] The U.S. Agency for Interna­tional Development was the main target but, unaffected by domestic lobbying restrictions, escaped dismantling through skillful advocacy. Instead, Congress and the Clinton Administration folded USIA into the U.S. Department of State as part of an overall project to reinvent government.

Although it made economic sense, the merger created disarray. Negotiators unfamiliar with USIA's mission carved up the agency and placed regional divisions under the authority of the State Depart­ment's geographic bureaus and buried support functions within the State Department's functional divisions without much regard for outcome. USIA's public opinion research office was placed in the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), outside the hierarchy of communications professionals who need its analysis the most. Most of all, USIA's proactive communicators and creative personnel were dropped haphazardly into a bureaucracy that values secrecy and a deliberative clearance process. Career State Department officers consider it a good day when no one makes news-the opposite of classic public affairs (PA) and public diplomacy practice.

Still Racing to the Airport. Former USIA Direc­tor Edward R. Murrow recommended that public diplomacy be in at the takeoff of foreign policies, not just at the occasional crash landing. That was possible when the USIA had a prominent direc­tor-like Murrow, Frank Shakespeare, and Charles Wick-who had the ear of the President, but USIA lost its presidential connection and strong leader­ship when it was folded into the State Department. Its independent culture clashed with the consen­sus-driven State Department. Without leadership that understood how to integrate public diplomacy into department operations, PD/PA officers were left out of senior policy meetings in both regional and functional bureaus.[5]

Ignoring the unique mission of public diplo­macy, the State Department's personnel system has sent non-qualified Foreign Service officers to lead overseas public diplomacy sections. Some have arrived on station ill-prepared to talk to journalists or cultivate civic leaders. Ineffective at public affairs, some have reverted to more comfortable political or consular roles, leaving the host-country employees to run the public diplomacy section.

As a remedy, the Personnel Bureau has been work­ing with the Foreign Service Institute (FSI) to develop short courses to minimally qualify incum­bents who have no communications background. In fact, FSI has increased the number of public diplo­macy courses, but their offerings do not yet match the intensity of training available to career military public affairs officers through DOD's Defense Infor­mation School and private-sector exchanges.

Under Secretaries for Public Diplomacy in the Bush Administration have found the job frustrating. Besides the domestically oriented Bureau of Public Affairs, the under secretary has a small staff to handle foreign cultural affairs, news dissemination, and pol­icy but no reporting or budgetary authority over public diplomacy officers in the department or embassies. Former advertising executive Charlotte Beers was shunned by the department and left after 17 months. Veteran bureaucrat Margaret Tutwiler stayed only six months. On and off, the position has been vacant for a total of 27 months.

In September 2004, the State Department cre­ated an Office of Policy, Planning, and Resources in the Under Secretariat to provide long-term plan­ning and coordination. At the same time, however, the White House asked the Assistant Secretary for Cultural Affairs to become Acting Under Secretary and do both jobs at once. As a result, the Policy, Planning, and Resources Office got off the ground only to enter a holding pattern.

Defense on Its Own. Other government agen­cies have conducted foreign communications efforts separately and more aggressively. The Department of Defense established the secretive Office of Strategic Influence in October 2001 but shut it down four months later after public affairs professionals and media watchdogs charged, entirely without substan­tiation, that it would plant false stories in the foreign press that could end up as propaganda in American media. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld replaced it with an Office of Strategic Communica­tion to coordinate dissemination of traditional com­bat information.[6]

In Iraq, the DOD used Saddam Hussein's former Ministry of Information to disseminate information from the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA). It maintained a newspaper, Al-Sabah, the TV channel Al-Iraqiyah, and a radio network. Broadcasts mixed CPA announcements with programming from independent Iraqi producers, creating a confusing stew that tainted participating journalists. Wisely, the CPA permitted media outlets to organize on their own, and by the time the CPA handed over power to the Iraqis, some 100 to 200 independent newspapers and magazines had flourished.[7]

More recently, the DOD has let contracts worth $300 million over five years to private firms in the Washington, D.C., area to write news stories, pro­duce television commercials, and develop Internet pop-up ads to improve foreign public views of the United States. The Joint Psychological Operations Support Element of the U.S. Special Operations Command is coordinating the efforts. Psychologi­cal operations, or "psyops," are persuasive commu­nications targeted at foreign publics in combat zones to encourage cooperation with U.S. forces, but they should not be confused with public diplo­macy or public affairs.[8]

Ad Hoc Broadcasting. Members of the U.S. Broadcasting Board of Governors have addressed short-term foreign communication needs in spite of the makeshift structure of overlapping proprietary and surrogate broadcasting operations inherited from Congress and the Clinton Administration's half-hearted attempt to reinvent government. Despite tac­tical success, their efforts lack long-term strategy and planning. The eight members of the BBG function like a hydra-headed chief executive with authority to meddle in daily operations and control individ­ual pet projects like Radio Free Asia and the Middle Eastern Radio and Television Networks. The subordinate International Broadcasting Bureau directs the Voice of America (VOA), Radio Martí, and marketing and engi­neering services.

On the plus side, the BBG launched new Arabic-lan­guage radio services. Radio Sawa and the Middle Eastern Radio Network began broad­casting only six months after 9/11. The BBG created Radio Farda in 2003 to broadcast objective news in Farsi to Iran. It established the Middle East­ern TV network, dubbed Al-Hurra ("The Free One"), to provide U.S.-style program­ming via satellite to cable sys­tems and home antennas throughout the Near East.

Impressive as these accomplishments might seem, they came at the cost of reforming VOA Ara­bic broadcast services. In 2001, VOA management was trying to shift its programming from the increasingly outmoded shortwave bandwidths to more popular FM frequencies and break into satel­lite TV. Upgrade costs would have been only about $15 million because of existing infrastructure and talent, but "if we had waited for VOA to do it, with its civil service regulations and union rules, it would have taken years," said BBG Chairman Ken­neth Tomlinson. "The war against terror is now."[9] Congress gave the board $35 million for Radio Sawa and $62 million for Al-Hurra TV.

New radio efforts have employed a creative mix of pop music and entertainment interspersed with news to build audience share among adolescents and young adults (15-30 years old). Radio Sawa is reaching 51 percent of targeted listeners on FM, according to the U.S. General Accounting (now Government Accountability) Office, compared to VOA's single digits.[10] However, it is unclear that this innocuous menu will win hearts and minds for the United States. According to former U.S. Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates William A. Rugh, Radio Sawa gives young Arabs "the pro­grams they want, namely pop music, but the sta­tion does little to advance public diplomacy objectives, which include improving understand­ing and appreciation of American society and for­eign policies."[11]

Al-Hurra TV is similarly controversial in that the BBG intended it to be an American-style channel adhering to principles of free press to compete with and force change upon existing Arab channels. Whether it can catalyze change among the likes of Qatar-based Al-Jazeera, Saudi-run Al-Arabiya, the Lebanese Arab News Network, Hezbollah's Al-Manar, state-run networks, and hundreds of other satellite channels is debatable.

An informal survey of viewers in Cairo, Egypt, where anti-American views prevail, revealed a mix of attitudes. Many saw it as a government-run pro­paganda channel like their own; some thought it amateurish; others liked the mix of American cin­ema and open public discourse unavailable on other outlets; still others considered it too restrained.[12] They neither openly embraced it nor-more important-rejected it.

Sadly, the Voice of America-a recognized brand in its own right-has continued to wither. The BBG has abolished 10 language services to Central and Eastern Europe and reduced global programming in English to partially fund new surrogates. Writing VOA news stories for broad­cast to the People's Republic of China has been outsourced to contractors in Hong Kong, raising issues of accountability. Elsewhere, as in Latin America, VOA programming has been neglected. In South America, Venezuela's authoritarian pres­ident Hugo Chávez has created Telesur, a satellite TV channel to promote radical socialism and denounce the United States. Al-Jazeera TV is opening a bureau in Caracas, Venezuela. Cur­rently, the VOA has few resources to offer balance.

USIA-Supported Libraries and Cultural Cen­ters. In the mid-1990s, Congress ended funding for USIA-supported libraries,[13] U.S.-host country binational cultural centers,[14] and book translation programs to cut foreign operating expenses. Con­gressional critics viewed libraries and binational centers as superfluous in friendly European coun­tries, overtaken by the Internet, and difficult to secure in downtown, storefront locations. With the end of the Cold War, they considered book transla­tion and donations equally unnecessary.

Nevertheless, a few enterprising Foreign Service officers and private-sector entrepreneurs are trying to make up for the loss. After the State Department replaced downtown USIA libraries with sparsely equipped Information Resource Centers in fortress-like U.S. embassies, public diplomacy officers sug­gested locating them in more accessible universi­ties, existing libraries, and chambers of commerce. Besides supplying literature and Internet access, they make comfortable venues for American speak­ers. At present, there are more than 200 "American Corners," with plans to double that number around the world.

USIA binational centers were developed mainly in Latin America but began to lose support in the 1970s. After U.S. funding ended in the 1990s, a few survived and prospered in 18 Latin American countries and France on the basis of teaching English. An example is the Alianza Cultural Uru­guay-Estados Unidos in Montevideo with its com­munity theater, a 12,000-volume library with subscriptions to 90 periodicals, and 48 branches in cities and towns across the country.[15] State Depart­ment public diplomacy sections are now beginning to re-engage these centers, although no money has been appropriated for this purpose.

To provide public diplomacy information and consular services to remote audiences that have Internet connections, entrepreneurial diplomats developed Virtual Presence Posts in 2001 as part of an "eDiplomacy" initiative to make such informa­tion more accessible. Regrettably, senior State Department managers buried the program in the Bureau of Information Resource Management (IRM), a technical support division that handles hardware purchases, maintains system security, and has a reputation for opposing innovation.

The Franklin Book Program was a USIA-funded effort that translated American books into Arabic and other Middle Eastern languages from 1952 to 1978. After it closed, the USIA's book translation program continued to contract translations of hun­dreds of books on American politics and econom­ics with print runs of up to 50,000 copies each. Budget cuts in the mid-1990s forced USIA to close its central office and leave it to posts such as Amman, Cairo, and Paris to arrange translations on their own, although these efforts are rebounding.

Private organizations fill in the gap to the extent that they receive donations. Since 1986, the Sabre Foundation has distributed some $200 million in donated English textbooks to foreign libraries and universities. Business for Diplomatic Action, a U.S. industry group, has suggested several ways that businesses can polish America's image abroad, from urging U.S. television producers to dub more pro­grams into foreign languages to sponsoring cultural exchanges and providing corporate-level foreign exchange opportunities.[16]

Books and culture clearly remain valid ways to build bridges in foreign lands where some people are unreachable by broadcasting or are unlikely to participate in academic exchanges.

Branding Foreign Aid. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has funded journalistic workshops and provided grants to the publicly and privately funded National Endow­ment for Democracy. Its humanitarian and agricul­tural assistance also shows the flag when publicized. In 2003, USAID and the State Depart­ment created a joint policy group to exploit that "branding" opportunity. However, coordination with other agencies' communication efforts has been minimal. In July 2004, USAID's Bureau for Legislative and Public Affairs launched an aggres­sive effort to train its own professional communica­tors overseas.

Today, some 44 full-time development and out­reach communications specialists help USAID to gain publicity for overseas programs by pitching stories to local media, writing speeches for local mission directors, and helping to translate USAID concepts into local parlance. So far, six regional conferences have been held to develop communi­cation strategies and coordinate local messages.

However, this commendable program could have unintended negative consequences. USAID's branding agenda could conflict with or over­shadow U.S. embassy public diplomacy efforts at posts where inexperienced and undertrained State Department officers are sent to lead public diplo­macy sections.

Missing Coordination. Immediately following the September 11 terrorist attacks, the White House and State Department organized inter­agency communications crisis response teams modeled after political campaigns. In September 2002, National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice created the Strategic Communications Policy Coordination Committee (PCC), co-chaired by the National Security Council (NSC) and the State Department. It reportedly met a few times and provided an e-mail listserv to share information among members, but did little else in the absence of a confirmed Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy. In January 2003, the White House for­mally established the Office of Global Communi­cations to help domestic and overseas spokesmen stay on message and facilitate contacts with foreign journalists.

None of these entities carried out long-term stra­tegic planning, coordination, or program evalua­tion.[17] At present, both entities are inactive.

Grappling with the Middle East

What is functioning are two ambitious initiatives that have public diplomacy components. The Mid­dle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI) is a 2002 for­eign aid program in the State Department's Near East Affairs Bureau that is intended to foster reform in the region by promoting market liberalization, improvements in public education, stronger influ­ence among moderate civil society groups, and political opportunities for women.[18] The State Department received control because, at the time, it had more regional expertise than USAID, which understandably did not have a strong presence in countries like Iraq.

The other is the Administration's Muslim World outreach that began with the creation of a Policy Coordinating Committee in July 2004. U.S. embassies in the region were polled for ideas on how to communicate with Muslim audiences. Their ideas included bolstering the influence of moderate leaders, working through allied Islamic nations such as Indonesia to counter extremism, funding moderate Muslim think tanks, integrating psychological operations into U.S. efforts, and giving foreign aid to establish moderate Muslim schools as well as to restore mosques. Even U.S. intelligence contacts within fundamentalist move­ments are holding dialogues to persuade followers to renounce violence.

Critics claim that these efforts may not be enough to overcome bad feelings engendered by decades of U.S. collaboration with some of the region's repressive leaders, the Abu Ghraib Iraqi prisoner abuse scandal, and U.S. support for Israel in the Middle East peace process. MEPI's spending pattern has been scattershot-dividing a $129 mil­lion budget into a myriad of small projects unlikely to promote long-term change. Some of the money also goes to host-country governments, a discred­ited practice that elsewhere has permitted local offi­cials to skim off funds. Analyst Daniel Pipes points out that even Middle East experts in the U.S. gov­ernment have a mixed record of identifying moder­ate Muslims, while aid to influence Islamic schools also serves to promote a specific religion, which may violate the First Amendment.[19]

On the other hand, unfavorable foreign public opinion of the United States has declined slightly since 2003 in countries such as Morocco, Paki­stan, and Jordan, and favorable views of fugitive terrorist Osama bin Laden have dropped signifi­cantly, according to the Pew Global Attitudes Project. Moreover, growing majorities of Middle Eastern and Asian Muslims say that democracy can work in their countries.[20] The Bush Adminis­tration's recent advocacy of democratic elections in the region has even met with qualified accep­tance in Lebanon and Egypt.

A Focused Approach

Members of Congress, career professionals, and even Administration officials have pointed out that U.S. foreign communication efforts still lack orga­nization, coordination, and strategy, despite gains in some areas such as more training for State Department public diplomacy officers and the cul­tivation of a larger audience base for broadcasts in the Middle East. In many ways, disparate U.S. pub­lic diplomacy efforts mimic America's stovepiped intelligence programs prior to 9/11.

Congress has passed modest increases in public diplomacy funding, increasing appropriations for educational and cultural exchanges from $200 mil­lion to $400 million.[21] However, the $1.2 billion annual budget for public diplomacy is not much larger than the $1 billion spent annually during the 1990s, and it is clearly insufficient, particularly when compared to the need for more exchanges and balanced U.S. international broadcasting around the globe, not just in the Middle East.

Even Congress recognizes that for more spend­ing to do any good, public diplomacy must be bet­ter organized and have a game plan. In January 2005, Senator Richard Lugar (R-IN), chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, intro­duced a bill to establish the post of Deputy National Security Adviser for Strategic Communi­cations.[22] In April 2005, Representative William "Mac" Thornberry (R-TX) introduced a measure to establish a nonprofit Center for Strategic Commu­nication to advise various government agencies on foreign public opinion, culture, and emerging tech­nology.[23] Senators Russell Feingold (D-MN) and Chuck Hagel (R-NE) have submitted a resolution to promote international exchanges.[24]

While the USIA-State Department merger cannot be undone, public diplomacy can be strengthened within the State Department. Foreign broadcasting can be better managed and more supportive of U.S. policies and foreign assistance efforts, and inter­agency cooperation can be improved. Specifically, the White House and Congress should:

• Reassign personnel and budgetary authority for public diplomacy in the State Depart­ment to the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. Public diplo­macy officers in embassies should be directly responsible to the under secretary, and the under secretary should ensure that they have adequate resources and guidance. They would still be answerable to regional and other func­tional bureaus, but resources and program authority would be protected.

The Bureau of International Information Pro­grams should be renamed the Public Diplomacy Bureau and should be used to channel resources to public diplomacy sections in bureaus and embassies to assure programmatic continuity. The Office of Media and Opinion Research should be moved to the new PD Bureau where it can help regional PD desks to tailor their prod­ucts to specific audiences and channels. The State Department should permit the PD Bureau to establish a dedicated information technology division to provide appropriate hardware and software programs to creative elements through­out the hierarchy.[25] All government agencies would gain from stronger State Department leadership in improving support for U.S. policies and enhancing understanding abroad.

• Streamline foreign broadcasting to ensure more useful coverage and coordination with other government public diplomacy efforts and development goals. The Broadcasting Board of Governors should make policies for its subordi­nate International Broadcasting Bureau (IBB) to implement, but it should not manage individ­ual projects or meddle in daily decisions. Sepa­rate directorates might exist under the IBB to manage the Voice of America, to manage spe­cific U.S.-funded and U.S.-controlled outlets intended to provide information to captive audiences like those in Cuba, and to provide engineering expertise.

The IBB could continue to launch new semi-independent surrogate services to regions where an American voice is weak or absent. Once established, such outlets could be funded by the U.S. National Endowment for Democ­racy until they became self-sustaining or were no longer needed.

For its part, Congress should increase allocations to international broadcasting to allow more comprehensive VOA coverage in regions in tur­moil beyond the Middle East and the growth of such media as television and Internet broadcast­ing.[26] Future savings could be obtained by reforming foreign broadcasting's federal person­nel rules to permit more flexible hiring, reassign­ment, and dismissal of employees based on merit and changing IBB needs.

• Integrate efforts across government agencies by appointing a high-level coordinator.[27] The inactive White House Office of Global Commu­nications could be invested with resources to coordinate multi-agency efforts, as recom­mended by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) and the U.S. Advisory Commis­sion on Public Diplomacy.[28] However, an NSC advisory position would be preferable because it would be more permanent and plugged into policy discussions, although the person hold­ing the position should not wear other hats since coordinating policy and multi-agency operations is a full-time job.
• Establish an independent center to conduct public opinion research in foreign countries for the U.S. government agencies. All govern­ment entities with public diplomacy responsi­bilities need access to foreign public opinion research. Currently, the Smith-Mundt Act restricts the State Department Office of Media and Opinion Research in disseminating infor­mation to other agencies. The BBG, DOD, and CIA already engage commercial polling firms for certain proprietary needs. If more is to be invested in opinion research, it should benefit multiple agencies and be targeted to broad needs to eliminate waste and duplicated effort.[29] The data should be made available to senior policymakers, who have been denied access since the State Department swallowed USIA. However, the center should not compete in media production or otherwise usurp user-agency authority in developing and disseminat­ing products and services.[30]
• Task lead public diplomacy actors to develop a public diplomacy doctrine and overall strategy. Doctrine provides an overall framework and general principles to guide insti­tutional activities. Strategies apply functions and principles to long-term problems or issues. The President should task the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, the proposed NSC coordinator for public diplo­macy, and the chairman of the Broadcasting Board of Governors with developing a doctrine and overall strategy for U.S. international com­munications. These documents, subject to reform as times change, should be yardsticks to evaluate public diplomacy activities.[31]

The doctrine should mark general areas of responsibility between agencies and limits to special missions like psychological operations. It should also outline functions such as public information, cultural relations, foreign broad­casting, and democracy promotion operations. Finally, it should outline working principles of public diplomacy; e.g., U.S. public diplomacy efforts must never lie, should maximize dissem­ination with minimum delay while keeping secrets secret, should target information locally, and should sustain reservoirs of public good­will. The doctrine should be simple and non-technical, since technology is changing too fast to be incorporated in a durable document.

• Repeal Smith-Mundt restrictions on domes­tic dissemination of public diplomacy mate­rials. The restrictions were established to prevent overseas public relations from being used to propagandize and promote itself to the American public. In the Internet age, almost anyone with a computer can access public diplo­macy materials if they know where to look, and almost every U.S. government entity outside of the State Department engages in self-advocacy. Smith-Mundt needlessly complicates the job of government communicators by blocking the cross-flow of products and services from public diplomacy and public affairs units, slowing the production of public relations materials, and ensuring duplicated efforts and expense because agencies outside of State Department public diplomacy must create similar products, such as pamphlets and press releases, from scratch.

To minimize propaganda, the White House should ensure that government agencies tailor public information materials so that they would be appropriate for both domestic and foreign audiences. Congress can keep the government from lobbying itself and American citizens by sanctioning certain kinds of content, not who creates it. The White House can ensure that those limitations are echoed in public diplo­macy doctrine.

• Make better use of internal audits to plan reforms. The U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy should review the efforts of all agencies with public diplomacy responsibil­ities and report back to senior leadership and the proposed NSC coordinator to identify prob­lems and possible corrective action. Both the U.S. Advisory Commission and the GAO have issued informative reports on PD strengths and weaknesses. While critical, the April 2005 GAO and the 2002 Advisory Commission reports were seminal and constructive. The DOD Science Board Task Force has done exten­sive research on the subject.

Plugging into the Middle East

While championing the role of public diplomacy in a wider security effort, it is important to note that there is no single nostrum that can stem terrorist acts against the United States and its allies around the world. Contemporary terrorism connected with Middle East sources is inextricably linked to currents that run deep through the cultures, reli­gions, history, politics, and economics of the region. However, this very complexity means that a focused and aggressive public diplomacy effort is essential to the achievement of long-term U.S secu­rity objectives. If the raison d'être of U.S. public diplomacy during the Cold War was to counter Soviet power and influence throughout the world, the objective now is to counter the influence of Islamic extremism and thereby defuse the root cause of terrorism.

Bearing this in mind, Congress and the Admin­istration should pursue four broad courses in the Middle East to:

• Promote regional and local media initiatives that combat extremism to bring better, more reliable information about the United States and its intentions to varied audiences in the region and the Muslim world in general. There are 120 satellite channels in the Arab world, and 70 percent of them are controlled by gov­ernments. Instead of making U.S. taxpayers pay $85 million annually to broadcast American rock music and television entertainment to the Middle East to gain audience share, America should prioritize the growth of private media, provide access to U.S. Arabic spokesmen, and program content on U.S. channels to give bal­anced news and counter misperceptions. U.S. officials on the ground in each country should constantly gauge these efforts to ensure that they build local capacity and initiative without having independence turn into irresponsibility.
• Invest in education for the long term. Although education can be a double-edged sword in funding religious academies, enhanc­ing support for existing American schools, making more scholarships available for the poor to attend, increasing English-language training abroad, and providing adult education and training all offer economic promise and opportunity. Translation of American economic and political texts into Arabic is important in a region isolated by limited knowledge and infor­mation sharing. No more than 10,000 foreign books have been translated into Arabic in the past millennium-about the same number translated into Spanish each year.[32]

Congress should provide funds to expand the reach and offerings of American Corners, to assist binational centers, and reconstitute a cen­tral book translation program in the State Department's Public Diplomacy Bureau.[33] More academic exchanges, although expensive, should be funded. Over the longer term, the United States must also build its own human capacity by providing opportunities for young Americans to gain an understanding of the lan­guages, peoples, cultures, and politics of the Middle East and put this knowledge to use both within and outside of the U.S. government.

• Engage opinion leaders in Middle Eastern countries. America must do a far better job of engaging local intellectuals and officials to help them stand up against terrorists who are hijack­ing Islam for violent purposes. Public diplo­macy officers should ensure that private and government media elites have the requisite information to counter misperceptions, distor­tions, stereotypes, and lies. Local opinion lead­ers need access to the facts about U.S. efforts to build peace, spur development, and reach out in partnership with their societies.
• Improve the quality of public diplomacy officers serving in the Middle East. To achieve this, the U.S. government must attract highly talented individuals, beginning with those who are fluent in Arabic and other relevant foreign languages and understand the culture and history of the area. Expanded training pro­grams must be created to build a pipeline of future recruits. The U.S. Foreign Service promo­tional system and career path need to reward risk takers and not simply support those who support the status quo. Finally, public informa­tion officials overseas need to be fully integrated into the country team, an issue that the Secretary of State should take up with U.S. ambassadors and regional assistant secretaries.

Conclusion

The Bush Administration and Congress have made progress in some areas of public diplomacy since 9/11, but to use this tool effectively in the 21st century, policymakers and lawmakers must move beyond the decaying Cold War public diplo­macy structure to build bridges of understanding between America and various publics around the world. Under Secretary of State for Public Diplo­macy and Public Affairs Karen Hughes has an opportunity to help get public diplomacy up and running at the State Department if she so chooses.

The Bush Administration must help as well. Sec­retary of State Condoleezza Rice should endorse personnel and budget authority for Under Secre­tary Hughes and promote PD/PA participation in policy deliberations at all levels. Congress and the White House need to redesign international broad­casting's structure and budget. The White House must strengthen coordination and planning.

The Under Secretary of State for Public Diplo­macy and Public Affairs, the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, the proposed NSC coordinator for public diplomacy, and the Chairman of the Broadcasting Board of Governors should develop a foreign communications doctrine and long-term strategy. All public diplomacy players should give due consideration to observations and suggestions of the Government Accountability Office and U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy to solve problems and prepare for new challenges.

The United States spends about $30 billion annually on intelligence gathering to find out what others are thinking throughout the world, but only $1 billion on trying to shape those thoughts. Even at that sum, the American public should be getting more for its money. At her January 18, 2005, con­firmation hearing, Secretary of State Rice told the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee: "[W]e will spread freedom and democracy throughout the globe." That may be impossible unless America has a more coordinated, cooperative mechanism for tailored public outreach.

Stephen Johnson is Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Stud­ies, at The Heritage Foundation, and Helle C. Dale is Director of the Allison Center. Patrick Cronin is the Senior Vice President and Director of Studies and Exec­utive Director of the Hills Governance Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.