I would like to address an extremely important issue-widespread abuses carried out by United Nations personnel against refugees in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and how the United States Con­gress should respond.¹

I hope to shine a spotlight on a major scandal in the heart of Africa, which has until now received rela­tively little attention from Congress and the world's media. In the Congo, acts of great evil and barbarism have been perpetrated by United Nations peacekeep­ers and civilian personnel entrusted with protecting some of the weakest and most vulnerable women and children in the world. Congress has a vital role to play in helping ensure that those responsible are brought to justice. It is also my hope that congres­sional pressure will help prevent abuses on this scale from ever occurring again in current and future U.N. peacekeeping operations.

Exploitation of Refugees by
U.N. Personnel

Personnel from the U.N. Mission in the Democrat­ic Republic of the Congo stand accused of at least 150 major human rights violations.² This is almost certainly just the tip of the iceberg: The scale of the problem is likely to be far greater.

The crimes involve rape and forced prostitution of women and young girls across the country, including inside a refugee camp in the town of Bunia in north­eastern Congo. The alleged perpetrators include U.N. military and civilian personnel from Nepal, Morocco, Tunisia, Uruguay, South Africa, Pakistan, and France. The victims are defenseless refugees- many of them children-who have already been brutalized and terrorized by years of war and who looked to the U.N. for safety and protection. The U.S. Congress should act to ensure that the U.N. personnel involved are brought to justice and that such barbaric abuses are never repeated.

U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan has acknowledged that "acts of gross misconduct have taken place."^[3] A draft United Nations report has described sexual exploitation by U.N. personnel in the Congo as "significant, widespread and ongo­ing."^[4] In the words of William Lacy Swing, Annan's special representative to the Congo, "We are shocked by it, we're outraged, we're sickened by it. Peacekeepers who have been sworn to assist those in need, particularly those who have been victims of sexual violence, instead have caused grievous harm."^[5]

The Need for Oversight

This scandal raises serious questions about U.N. oversight of its peacekeeping operations and the culture of secrecy and lack of accountability that pervade the U.N. system. The fact that abuses of this scale are taking place under U.N. supervi­sion is astonishing, and it is inconceivable that officials in New York were unaware of the magni­tude of the problem at an early stage.

There are major doubts surrounding the effective­ness and scope of the U.N.'s own internal investiga­tion into the Congo scandal, which was conducted by the Office of Internal Oversight Services, headed by Under Secretary General Dileep Nair.^[6] A confi­dential U.N. report obtained by The Washington Post revealed that "U.N. peacekeepers threatened U.N. investigators investigating allegations of sexual mis­conduct in Congo and sought to bribe witnesses to change incriminating testimony."^[7] According to the Post, the report also cites instances in which peace­keepers from Morocco, Pakistan, and possibly Tuni­sia "were reported to have paid, or attempted to pay witnesses to change their testimony."^[8]

The Congo abuse scandal is the latest in a string of scandals that have hit U.N. peacekeeping operations around the world. Indeed, it appears that U.N. peacekeeping missions frequently create a predatory sexual culture, with refugees the vic­tims of U.N. staff who demand sexual favors in exchange for food, and U.N. troops who rape women at gunpoint. Allegations of sexual abuse or misconduct by U.N. personnel stretch back at least a decade, to operations in Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea. Despite previous U.N. inves­tigations-and Kofi Annan's declaration of a policy of "zero tolerance" toward such conduct-little appears to have changed in the field.^[9]

The United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC)

Established in 1999, MONUC is currently authorized by Security Council Resolution 1493. It is the world's second-biggest U.N. peacekeeping mission, with a total of 13,950 uniformed person­nel, including 13,206 troops, 569 military observ­ers, and 175 civilian police. In addition, there are 735 international civilian personnel and 1,140 local civilian staff. Forty-seven U.N. member states have contributed military personnel, and 20 coun­tries have contributed civilian police personnel to MONUC.^[10] The MONUC Force Commander is Major-General Samaila Iliya of Nigeria.

The biggest peacekeeping contingents (based on September 2004 figures) are from Uruguay, (1,778 sol­diers), Pakistan (1,700), South Africa (1,387), Bang­ladesh (1,304), India (1,302), Nepal (1,225), and Morocco (801).^[11] There are no U.S. personnel serving as peacekeepers or military observers with MONUC.

U.S. Funding of MONUC

An issue of great concern to Congress should be the scale of U.S. funding for the Congo opera­tion. U.N. peacekeeping operations paid for with U.S. public funds should be accountable to American taxpayers, who expect U.N. officials and peacekeepers to conduct themselves with honor and integrity.

The United States is the biggest financial con­tributor to MONUC, providing about one-third of its $746 million operating budget. The U.S. contri­bution to the U.N. peacekeeping mission in the Congo has been substantial. If 2005 figures are included, the U.S. will have contributed roughly three-quarters of a billion dollars ($759 million) toward MONUC since 2000, according to State Department figures. The U.S. is expected to con­tribute $249 million toward MONUC in fiscal year (FY) 2005, and $207 million in FY 2006.^[12]

U.S. Funding for Worldwide U.N. Peacekeeping Activities

The United States is the world's biggest contrib­utor to U.N. peacekeeping operations, contribut­ing 27 percent of the total worldwide U.N. peacekeeping budget. The U.S. is expected to con­tribute over $1 billion toward U.N. peacekeeping activities across the world in FY 2006.

During the past decade, the United States has made a huge contribution toward U.N. peacekeep­ing operations. Since 2001 (including 2005 fig­ures), the United States will have contributed $3.59 billion toward U.N. international peace­keeping operations.^[13]

According to the General Accounting Office (now the Government Accountability Office), the United States gave the U.N. $3.45 billion in direct contributions to conduct peacekeeping operations between 1996 and 2001.^[14] This figure is dwarfed by the estimated $24.2 billion in indirect contri­butions made by the U.S. to help support 33 U.N. peacekeeping operations in 28 countries during that five-year period. ^[15]

There are currently 428 U.S. personnel serv­ing in U.N. peacekeeping operations around the world, in the Middle East, Kosovo, Georgia, East Timor, Liberia, Ethiopia and Eritrea, and Haiti. They are overwhelmingly civilian police, includ­ing 309 Americans serving with the United Nations Mission in Kosovo. There are only six American troops under U.N. command (three in Haiti and three in Liberia).[16]

Questions for Congress

There are many key questions that arise from the current U.N. scandal that merit congressional scrutiny. For instance:

• Why has the U.N. failed to effectively pre­vent abuse by its personnel, given its tar­nished record in previous peacekeeping operations?
• Why did the U.N. take six months to release its own internal report about the Congo abuse scandal?
• To what extent were the U.N. Secretary-Gen­eral and other senior U.N. officials aware of the abuses by U.N. personnel in the Congo before media reports began to surface?
• Can the U.N. be relied upon to objectively conduct its own investigations into allegations against its peacekeepers and civilian staff?
• How can U.N. peacekeepers and civilian per­sonnel accused of human rights abuses be prosecuted for their crimes?
• What measures can be implemented to ensure that future U.N. peacekeeping operations are transparent, accountable, and are run in accor­dance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? What mechanisms should be put in place to ensure external oversight of U.N. operations?
• What impact should the Congo scandal have on future U.S. contributions to the U.N. peace­keeping budget?

Key Recommendations for Congress and the United States Government

I would like to make the following recommen­dations for Congress and the executive branch of the United States government:

• The United States should call for a Security Council-backed fully independent investigation into the MONUC abuse scandal, to cover all areas of the MONUC operation. In addition, there should be independent investigations launched into allegations of abuse by U.N. per­sonnel in other U.N. peacekeeping operations- including Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Burundi. Fully independent commissions of inquiry should handle all future investigations into human rights abuses by U.N. personnel.
• The United States government should pressure U.N. member states to prosecute their nation­als accused of human rights violations while serving as U.N. peacekeepers.
• The U.N. should lift diplomatic immunity for its own staff accused of criminal acts in the Congo, opening the way for prosecution.
• The U.N. Security Council should exclude countries whose peacekeepers have a history of human rights violations from future opera­tions. The U.N. should publicly name and shame those countries whose peacekeepers have carried out abuses in the Congo.
• The U.N. should make publicly available all internal reports relating to the Congo scan­dal, and outline the exact steps it plans to take to prevent the sexual exploitation of refugees in both existing and future U.N. peacekeeping operations.
• An external oversight body-completely inde­pendent of the U.N. bureaucracy and staffed by non-U.N. officials (but backed by a Security Council mandate)-should be established to act as a watchdog over U.N. operations, including humanitarian programs and peace­keeping operations.
• The United States should also set up its own U.N. oversight unit, answerable to Congress and specifically charged with monitoring the use of American contributions to United Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian oper­ations. This could be funded by diverting part of the annual U.S.-assessed contribution for the United Nations.
• Congress should withhold a percentage of the U.S. contribution to U.N. peacekeeping opera­tions unless U.N. personnel responsible for criminal activity are brought to justice, and safeguards are put in place to prevent future abuses from taking place.
• Serious consideration should be given to the establishment of an elite training academy for U.N. peacekeeping commanders. This effort should be backed by the U.N. Security Council.

Conclusion

The Congo episode has further undermined the credibility of the United Nations and raises serious questions regarding the effectiveness of the U.N.'s leadership and the U.N.'s Office of Internal Over­sight Services. The U.N. has consistently failed to publicize, prevent, and punish the criminal behav­ior of its own personnel in trouble spots around the world. Congress should make it clear to the United Nations that continued robust U.S. funding of U.N. peacekeeping will be contingent upon the elimination of all forms of abuse within its peace­keeping operations.

The sexual abuse scandal in the Congo makes a mockery of the U.N.'s professed commitment to uphold basic human rights. U.N. peacekeepers and the civilian personnel who work with them should be symbols of the international communi­ty's commitment to protecting the weak and inno­cent in times of war. The exploitation of some of the most vulnerable people in the world-refugees in a war-ravaged country-is a shameful episode and a betrayal of trust that will haunt the United Nations for years to come.

Nile Gardiner, Ph.D., is Fellow in Anglo-Ameri­can Security Policy in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for Inter­national Studies, at The Heritage Foundation. This lecture was originally given as testimony before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights and International Operations, House Committee on Inter­national Relations on March 1, 2005.