In pursuing health care reform, federal and state policymakers alike need to respect and protect paren­tal rights and responsibilities. Currently, they are not doing so.

A 14-year-old grade-school girl in Kentucky arrives at the local health clinic seeking birth control. Who should decide whether she receives it? The doctor? The girl? Or her parents? The state legislature says that the girl is not even old enough to consent to sexual activity. Yet public officials, under authorization from Congress, have written rules that allow the girl to enroll in one of a number of federal programs, and this federal law would overrule state law and prohibit the clinic from informing her parents.

A Common Problem

Thousands of similar situations occur each year- not surreptitiously, but legally, under the authority of policies and laws, some of which have been in place for decades. In exercising this authority, government intrudes into some of our most intimate living arrange­ments, separating parents from children, and putting the family doctor at odds with the wishes of the parents.

As a result, the moral values of ordinary people are often replaced by those of a health care establishment composed of government bureaucrats, liberal profes­sional organizations, industry lobbyists, and major hospital systems. Because they control the funding and set the health care policies, they can, and often do, pre-empt many Americans from making health care decisions that reflect their own values.

In the continuing debate over major reforms in federal health care policy, these moral concerns are often overshadowed by other challenges-such as controlling health care costs and providing accessi­ble health insurance to low-income Americans. But in addressing these problems, policymakers at the state and federal level must not choose solutions that would override individuals' deeply held con­victions. This is especially important in our reli­giously and morally pluralistic society.[1] 

The debate over health care solutions is focused on two broad and very different approaches to comprehensive reform. One is a government-controlled insurance program, either centrally managed and regulated or based almost exclusively on government payment. The other is based on personal choice and market competition, where individuals and families make the key financial decisions, particularly when it comes to insur­ance coverage, benefits, medical procedures, and treatments. On the question of whose moral val­ues are controlling the sensitive matter of health care decision-making, these two approaches are worlds apart.

A national health insurance program, govern­ment-run or government-controlled, would cen­tralize control over health care financing and delivery, and would centralize the power of approved third-party payers to impose their values on a morally pluralistic society. Political decisions would, in effect, supplant moral ones. A reform based on personal choice and competition in a plu­ralistic market would ensure that patients-or in the case of minors, their parents-exercise the pri­mary control over how their health care dollars are spent, allowing them to make health care decisions that are consistent with their values. A market-based reform, in other words, is inherently compat­ible with parental authority.

The Bureaucratic Suppression of Moral Decisions

Current federal health insurance programs rou­tinely govern the health care of minors in ever larger numbers, and in so doing, government offi­cials pre-empt or interfere with important deci­sions that should be made by parents. In contrast, new policies that would inject principles of con­sumer choice and competition into the financing and delivery of health care can restore respect for the primary relationships between parents and children, leaving families free to live according to their moral convictions.

To better understand how government currently intrudes on these relationships, consider again the 14-year-old girl in Kentucky requesting birth con­trol at a health clinic. Examine further the details from this real-life case:

The girl told the doctor that she was not yet sexually active, but that the mother of her boyfriend, who had driven her to the clinic, wanted her on birth control so that her son would not father a child out of wedlock if they were to have sex. The girl wants her boyfriend to like her, she told the doctor, and she wanted to remain on good terms with his mother. That's why she was asking to be put on prescription birth control. However, she does not want her parents to find out. Because the girl requested confidentiality, the doctor had her enroll in a federal pro­gram to pay for the contraception, so that the charges would not show up on her parents' insurance bill.[2] 

Unless they pay close attention to the health care debates in state legislatures, typical Americans are unaware of the intrusiveness of current government policy. Representatives of professional health care organizations often argue that minors should be allowed to receive reproductive health care without their parents' knowledge or consent.[3]  The Ameri­can Association of Pediatrics states bluntly, "Com­prehensive health care of adolescents should include a sexual history that should be obtained in a safe, nonthreatening environment through open, honest, and nonjudgmental communication, with assurances of confidentiality… The primary reason adolescents hesitate or delay obtaining family plan­ning or contraceptive services is concern about con­fidentiality."[4]  Specifically for this reason, Congress enacted a federal law, popularly known as Title X, which provides that whenever a sexually active minor seeks confidential birth control, she is to be treated independently from her parents. Therefore, she can accept birth control without consulting her parents, and if she requests confidentiality without parental knowledge, the government will foot the bill for her contraception and related medical costs, regardless of her parents' income.

Under current law, Congress makes confidential access to birth control for school-age girls such a priority that it picks up the tab even for services that the girl's family insurance would cover. Since federal law trumps state law, it does not matter that the laws of her state deem her too young to consent to sex.

Limiting Medical Judgment. Doctors make delicate decisions about teen health care every day, but current federal confidentiality rules can render it nearly impossible for a doctor to perform the medical action that his professional judgment demands. Consider, for example, the case of the 16-year-old boy in North Carolina who went to his pediatrician complaining of severe daily headaches. The doctor questioned the boy after his mother stepped out of the room, and discovered that the boy regularly used marijuana and cocaine, and occasionally LSD, hallucinogenic mushrooms, and Ecstasy. The doctor informed the boy that his head­aches might be related to his drug use, and recom­mended that he undergo treatment for substance abuse. The doctor asked for permission to tell his mother, and the boy said no. He said he was not afraid of his parents' reaction; he simply thought he had his drug use under control, it was no big deal, and his parents would not care. Under North Caro­lina law, if the child is on private insurance and the doctor judges the matter "essential to the life or health of a minor," he can ignore the boy's request for confidentiality and tell the mother about his addiction.[5]  In this case, the doctor did tell the mother, and the boy was enrolled in a drug treat­ment program a few weeks later.[6] 

The Medicaid Angle. If the child's family had been on Medicaid instead of private insurance, the story would have been different. Under federal law, Medicaid prohibits any doctor from breaching the confidentiality of any patient, even to the parents of children.[7]  Had the boy's family been enrolled in Medicaid, the law would have enforced his right to confidential medical care, deferring to the short-term self-interest of a drug-addicted minor and overruling the doctor's expert judgment regarding his objective medical needs.

In both of these real cases, federal laws and the reigning ethos of the professional health care associ­ations intrude on intimate health care choices of parents and families. In both cases, they exclude parents from key decisions regarding the welfare of their own children. In both cases, they impose one set of values on the entire country, trampling on local and state laws reflecting their communities' deliberate moral judgments.[8] 

Government Health Programs Separate Parents and Children

Problems of parental choice and control are typ­ical in federal health care programs, especially in Medicaid, SCHIP, and Title X.

Medicaid. Medicaid, for instance, prohibits parental notification for any medical procedure it covers.[9]  This means that children are not required to notify their parents if, while on Medicaid, they receive any of the following medical services (this list is not exhaustive):

1. abortions (in the cases of rape, incest, and the life of the mother),
2. birth control,
3. pregnancy tests,
4. the morning-after pill,
5. tests for sexually transmitted diseases,
6. gynecological exams,
7. prescription drugs,
8. treatment for drug abuse,
9. treatment for psychiatric disorders (including depression, suicide, and attention deficit disorder),
10. sexual-orientation counseling, and
11. personalized sexual education.

As in the example of the drug-using teenager above, the doctor is prohibited from informing the parent of a child on Medicaid about the case, even if the doctor believes it is in the best interests of the child, unless he can obtain the consent of the minor.

SCHIP. Medicaid is a welfare program. While children from working and middle-class families are not eligible for Medicaid, they are often eligible for another federal program called the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). In a number of states, however, this program is an extension of Medicaid and offers many of the same services- including abortion, birth control, psychiatric treat­ment, substance-abuse treatment, prescription drugs, and sex education-but specifically for children.

Under SCHIP each state can elect to apply Med­icaid's rules, or to design an entirely different pro­gram from scratch. Despite this flexibility, however, all 50 states continue to offer Medicaid-style family planning services for children, and most states have also continued Medicaid's policies regarding confi­dential care for minors. As a result, children from middle-class families are frequently able to receive these services without their parents' knowledge.[10] 

Title X. In addition to Medicaid and SCHIP, which pay for a full range of medical care, the fed­eral government also has a special program that funds only reproductive health care and activities related to population control, the above-mentioned Title X. Under Title X, a clinic charges its clients based on their ability to pay for its services, from wealthy clients who pay full price to lower-income patients who pay a nominal fee or nothing at all.

While Medicaid and SCHIP only pay for children who qualify for their programs, the Title X program will completely cover confidential birth control for any child who is not independently wealthy. Once a girl asks that her parents not be notified, as in the case of the 14-year-old Kentucky girl, the govern­ment pays for her services,[11]  which include birth control, the morning-after pill, gynecological exam­inations, and abortion. The Alan Guttmacher Insti­tute, the research arm of Planned Parenthood, says that Title X is the "gold standard" of teen confidenti­ality rules,[12]  and it lobbies federal and state lawmak­ers to incorporate these rules into every expansion of government control over health insurance.

Because Title X confidentiality rules are so strong and apply to children,[13]  clinics supported by the program can even facilitate statutory rape, whereby adult men molest minor girls. In January of 1996, a 13-year-old girl went to the McHenry County Health Clinic in Illinois to request Depo-Provera, a long-term contraceptive injection. She told the doc­tor that she was sexually active and that she did not want her parents to know, so she received confiden­tial services just like the 14-year-old Kentucky girl. After she received a prescription for the injection, her sex partner-her 37-year-old former teacher at Crystal Lake Middle School-drove her home from the clinic. They returned for follow-up shots on multiple occasions before she finally told her par­ents in February 1997.[14]  More than two years later, when the parents tried to sue the clinic for facilitat­ing statutory rape, a county judge ruled that the doctor's actions were legal under Title X.

Finally, parents should be aware that health clin­ics based in public schools receive funds from all three of these federal programs, and therefore are often governed by their rules prohibiting parental access to their children's health records. Nearly three-quarters of school-based clinics receive funds from Medicaid, and over half also receive funds from SCHIP.[15]  Many of these clinics receive Title X funds themselves or have contracts with Title X clinics to provide reproductive services and sex education programs. In a school-based clinic that receives Title X funds, for example, a wealthy minor on private insurance can, at the discretion of the doctor, enroll in a government program that per­mits confidential access to birth control, STD test­ing, abortion, and more. Indeed, the movement toward including more elaborate clinics in public schools was in part to ensure that teenagers had access to confidential birth control.[16] 

Sound Health Care Reform Can Return Power to Parents

  Parents have the primary responsibility for their children, and thus ought to play a paramount role in any decisions affecting their children's lives. Doc­tors and government officials should certainly be allowed to contribute their professional advice or financial support, but the parents must have the ultimate right, in all but extraordinary circum­stances, to raise their children the way they deem best. Medicaid, SCHIP, Title X, and other govern­ment health insurance programs routinely violate this most basic of principles. Members of Congress and state legislators alike should, therefore, take decisive steps to reform all three programs.

Obstacles to Change. Reform-minded legisla­tors must be prepared, however, to overcome cer­tain obstacles. Poorer parents often have no choice but to enroll in a government program such as Med­icaid or SCHIP, and so are at the mercy of the health care establishment that sets the rules for the pro­gram. Because the government provides their health care, it determines the requirements to remain eligi­ble-and the result is that it removes the right of the parent to make many of the key moral decisions that are only the parents' responsibility. Parents' only practical alternative is to accept those rules or not have any health insurance at all. If parents had the ability to choose from a variety of health care options, they could walk away from a situation in which they were not happy and seek better treat­ment elsewhere.

Most people receive their health insurance through the government or their employer, and do not have the personal power to change insurance companies except at a very high cost. As a result, insurance companies, hospitals, and doctors are not required to be as responsive to the demands of the patients as are suppliers of other goods and services in a normally functioning competitive economy. If more Americans controlled their own health insur­ance, and could easily switch insurance companies whenever a better health plan became available, the entire health care sector of the economy would become much friendlier to consumers and patients. Greater personal control over health care dollars, including where to purchase health insurance and from whom, would lead to a health care system far more responsive to people's needs than it is today- including their wish to have their deeply held moral views respected in the financing and delivery of care.

Key Principles of Sound Reform. Any reform that gives parents control over the health care deci­sions for their families should be based on four principles:[17] 

1. Individual patients, not employers or govern­ment bureaucrats, should be able to choose their health insurance coverage for themselves and their families.
2. Each person must be able to change insurance companies easily, without requiring an employ­ment change or suffering major tax or regulatory penalties as in effect today.
3. Each person should have a variety of insurance plans from which to choose, including health plans that reflect different life situations and respect individual values.
4. Americans should be given ownership of their health insurance coverage so that an unaccount­able third party does not have control over its contents and quality-and the values it embodies.

Parental Values. Parents have the right to pass on their moral values to their children. That right is often disregarded in the regular course of financing and delivering medical services.

The disconnect between personal values, partic­ularly traditional moral beliefs, and the reigning ethos is no more clearly demonstrated than in today's government-controlled health care programs. In these programs, the ethos governing health care reflects the values of the bureaucrats, professional organizations, industry lobbyists, and the adminis­trators of big hospitals that embody the health care establishment.

Generally speaking, the representatives of these groups share a commitment to allowing children to receive sexual and mental health services without their parents' knowledge, consent, or involvement. While they may publicly warn legislators not to impose traditional moral values in the formulation or execution of public policy, they see no contradic­tion in the forcible imposition of their own moral perspectives throughout the health care system in every state in the country, overriding state laws and the protection of parents' rights. They can do this because the government programs that they con­trol and influence are, practically speaking, the only health care options for many people.

Only Fundamental Health Care Reform Will Restore Parents' Rights

The experience with Medicaid, SCHIP, Title X, and other government-funded health insurance programs illustrates the adage, "He who pays the piper, calls the tune." If someone other than the patient controls how the doctor is paid, someone other than the patient controls the moral decisions embodied in the financing and delivery of care.

For this reason, broad health care reform cannot simply tinker with the current system in which employers and the government officials retain the key levers of control. A federally administered national health insurance plan, based on a set of moral values determined by "experts," would be particularly threatening to parents, families, and all those who do not share the moral values of the health care establishment or of the reigning politi­cal party.

Parents have the primary responsibility for the welfare of their children, and policymakers must respect their right to make decisions for their chil­dren. A central goal of any health care reform, there­fore, must be to allow parents to own and control their family's health insurance. This would allow them to make key moral decisions that affect their children, restoring them to the role that is naturally and rightfully theirs.

Daniel Patrick Moloney, Ph.D., is a seminarian for the Catholic Archdiocese of Boston, and former Senior Policy Analyst in the Richard and Helen DeVos Center for Religion and Civil Society at The Heritage Foundation.